background: sulfur mustard is one of the chemical warfare gases that has been known as a vesicant or blistering agents. it is a chemical alkylating compound agent that can be frequently absorbed through skin, respiratory system, genital tract, and ocular system. this study was done to pathologically analyze the microscopic pancreatic lesions in cadavers. methods: this case series study was perf...

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been associated with excess mortality worldwide. The cardiovascular system is second most common target of SARS-CoV-2, which leads to complications, including myocardial injury, myocarditis, arrhythmias, and venous thromboembolism, as well other major thrombotic events because dire...

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major worldwide health problem. There exists a relationship between COPD and increased oxidative stress, and oxidants may be involved in lung damage during the course of COPD. Polymorphonuclear (PMN) cell recruitment at lung level plays an important role in free radical overproduction, impact inflammatory processes and may alter oxidant-antioxid...

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is an obligate aerobe that is capable of long-term persistence under conditions of low oxygen tension. Analysis of the Mtb genome predicts the existence of a branched aerobic respiratory chain terminating in a cytochrome bd system and a cytochrome aa(3) system. Both chains can be initiated with type II NADH:menaquinone oxidoreductase. We present a detailed bioch...

Spectral analysis of spontaneous heart rate fluctuations were assessed by use of autonomic blocking agents and changes in posture. Low-frequency fluctuations (below 0.12 Hz) in the supine position are mediated entirely by the parasympathetic nervous system. On standing, the low-frequency fluctuations increase and are jointly mediated by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. High-...

As one of the most important vesicant agents, the destructive properties of mustards on the skin, eyes and respiratory system, combined with a lack of antidote, makes them effective weapons. Such weapons are inexpensive, easily obtainable and frequently stockpiled. Sulphur mustard (mustard gas) has been used as a chemical warfare agent in at least 10 conflicts. In this article, the use of musta...