Process analytical technology (PAT)-tools were used to monitor freeze-drying of Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) at pilot and production scale. Among the evaluated PAT-tools, there is the novel use of the vacuum valve open/close frequency for determining the endpoint of primary drying at production scale. The duration of primary drying, the BCG survival rate, and the residual moisture content (RMC...

Thin films, used in various applications and devices, must strongly adhere to their substrates. Due to various processing and storage environments that devices can be exposed to, water may be introduced into the system. If residual stresses are present in a thin film, delamination propagation can be driven by water without the assistance of an externally applied mechanical force. It is extremel...

Creep performance of zinc borate-treated strandboard from southern pine (Pinus taeda L.) and red oak (Quercus falcata) was investigated at 25°C temperature and 65% relative humidity. It was shown that the borate treatment had some signifi cant effect on creep defl ection of the test panels, and the effect varied with wood species. There was no signifi cant effect of creep loading on residual be...

Effect of drying temperatures 180 Defect categories 180 Rupture of wood tissue 180 surface checks 180 End checks and splits 182 Collapse 183 H o n e y c o m b 1 8 5 Ring failure 186 Boxed-heart splits 186 Checked knots 186 Loose knots 186 Warp 187 Uneven moisture content 188 Board rejects 188 Water pockets 188 Control measures 188 Discoloration 189 Sapwood discolorations 189 Heartwood discolora...

This investigation was conducted to evaluate the influence of waste placement practices on the engineering response of municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills. Waste placement conditions were varied by moisture addition to the wastes at the time of disposal. Tests were conducted at a California landfill in test plots (residential component of incoming wastes) and full-scale active face (all incom...

Soil moisture governs the surface fluxes of mass and energy and is a major influence on floods and drought. Existing techniques measure soil moisture either at a point or over a large area many kilometers across. To bridge these two scales we used the cosmic-ray rover, an instrument similar to the recently developed COSMOS probe, but bigger and mobile. This paper explores the challenges and opp...

This paper presents an approach denominated Group Inversion Approach (GIA) which aims at detecting soil moisture temporal invariants, i.e., the stable temporal soil moisture locations, by using mainly remotely sensed data. The soil moisture temporal invariants are those locations where independently of the absolute value changes, the relative spatial distribution of soil moisture remains almost...

−− Many processes in food technology involve water migration from or into the processed product. Modeling of food water migration knowledge could result speeding up the processes, improving the quality of final products, and reducing energy costs. A mathematical formulation for mass transfer during drying and hydration of a porous solid sphere with volume change was developed in terms of the di...

Soil moisture is an important factor in the global hydrologic cycle, but existing reconstructions of historic soil moisture are limited. We used tree-ring chronologies to reconstruct annual soil moisture in the Upper Colorado River Basin (UCRB). Gridded soil moisture data were spatially regionalized using principal components analysis and k-nearest neighbor techniques. We correlated moisture se...

The paper summarize that moisture sensor based on microstrip patch antenna. Microstrip patch sensors have become useful and widely used in every fields such as agricultures, industrials, food products, medicals communication etc. It have been more useful for detecting i.e., broken rice detection, Impurities detection in water, Soil moisture measurement, Rice Grain moisture, Rice quality detecti...