The carbon concentration trapped in films of austenite between parallel platelets of bainite is often found to be much larger than that in the larger blocks of austenite between sheaves of bainite. The effect of this non-uniform distribution of carbon on the overall transformation kinetics of bainite is examined theoretically. It is found that the trapping of carbon in the films of austenite ac...

Recent research suggests that extraordinary combinations of strength and ductility can be achieved in the so–called δ–TRIP steels, which contain ferrite, bainite and austenite. A part of the reason for the ductility of almost 40% elongation at a strength of some 900MPa, is believed to be the optimal stability of the austenite to plastic deformation. We demonstrate here that mechanical stabilisa...

Mechanical properties of case modified steels depend decisively on the near-surface gradients residual stresses, microstructures, phases and chemical composition, which are generated by empirically well-established case-hardening techniques. Currently, however, to obtain correlation between structure–property gradients, applied hardening process parameters steels’ overall performance is a very ...

To investigate the microstructure and damage of friction-fatigued carburized martensitic steels for reliability remanufacturing parts, retained austenite (γ) phase residual stress were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We evaluated their changes before after roller pitching tests, operation gear parts.

The physico-chemical properties of water and sediments therein were analyzed for assessing the suitability of Siddheshwar dam (India) waters for irrigation purpose. The physical parameters include total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity. The chemical parameters studied include pH, free carbon dioxide, total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness, phenolphthalein alkalinity, t...

To achieve good corrosion resistance in a weld is much more challenging than for plate or sheet material, which has undergone controlled rolling, heat treatment and pickling processes in the steel mill. The choice of weld procedure and parameters, filler metal and shielding gas all play important roles. For duplex and lean duplex grades it is essential to ensure that an adequate amount of auste...

The influence of in-plane residual stress on Hertzian nanoindentation for single-crystal copper thin film is investigated using molecular dynamics simulations (MD). It is found that: (i) the yield strength of incipient plasticity increases with compressive residual stress, but decreases with tensile residual stress; (ii) the hardness decreases with tensile residual stress, and increases with co...

During many manufacturing processes for surface treatment of steel components heat will be exchanged between the environment and workpiece. The exchange commonly leads to temperature gradients within near area workpiece, which involve mechanical strains inside material. If corresponding stresses exceed locally yield strength material residual can remain after process. increase is high enough ad...