Let $R$ be a commutative ring with identity and let $M$ be an $R$-module. In this paper we introduce a new graph associated to modules over commutative rings. We study the relationship between the algebraic properties of modules and their associated graphs. A topological characterization for the completeness of the special subgraphs is presented. Also modules whose associated graph is complete...

Comparison of the historical and spatial precipitation and tree growth patterns confirm that one of the limiting conditions to growth on southern Vancouver Island is moisture, both as it relates to precipitation as well as the position of the tree within the slope catena. Comparison of tree growth patterns with AVIRIS reflectance indicates that there is correlation between the growth increment ...

It has sometimes been suggested that people represent the structure of action in terms of an action tree. A question now arises about the relationship between this action tree representation and people's moral judgments. A natural hypothesis would be that people first construct a representation of the action tree and then go on to use this representation in making moral judgments. The present p...

The problem in phylogenetic tree construction, is to find the tree which best describes the relationship between a set of objects. We are mostly interested in the case when the objects are species or taxa. carrot whale chimpanzee human Figure 5.1: Phylogenetic tree of 4 species Phylogenetic Tree Construction is based on Cladistics, the systematic classification of groups of organisms on the bas...

1. Tropical forest tree diversity has been hypothesized to be maintained via the attraction of density responsive and species-specific enemies. Tests of this hypothesis usually assume a linear relationship between enemy pressure (amount of damage and enemy richness) and seedling or tree density. However, enemy pressure is likely to change nonlinearly with local seedling abundance and community ...

Customer Retention is a major aspect of the growth of any business. It is always good to retain those customers who are more loyal or can be converted to be loyal. In this paper, a fuzzy decision tree based approach is proposed in combination with Z-shaped curved membership function to find the customer loyalty and has been compared with the approach of fuzzy decision tree with Gaussian members...

The Innovation of Artifacts is somewhat can be seen as a process of evolution. The paper presents an endeavor to view the evolution of artifact by using evolutionary concept of memetics. We showed the ways to build a phlyomemetic tree based on memes constituting an artifact to infer or estimate the evolutionary history and relationship between artifacts. UPGMA algorithm and the Shortest Tree Me...

Endosymbionts influence many aspects of their hosts' health conditions, including physiology, development, immunity, metabolism, etc. Tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri chinensis) have attracted increasing attention in modeling human diseases and therapeutic responses due to their close relationship with primates. To clarify the situation of symbiotic bacteria from their body surface, oral cavity, a...