Values have very important functions in any society. The significance  becomes so clear when a society has been exposed to changes and strengthening social cohesion is viewed as an essential subject. Great changes as the Islamic Revolution and the Imposed War have been happened in Iran during last several decades. In this line, generations can be understood via  direct or indirect experience of...

The vertical-horizontal illusion is the tendency for observers to overestimate the length of a vertical line relative to a horizontal line that has the same length. One explanation of this illusion is that the visual field is elongated in the horizontal direction, and that the vertical-horizontal illusion is a kind of framing effect (Künnapas, 1957a, 1957b, 1957c). Since the monocular visual fi...

As virtual environment (VE) technology has become more disseminated, harmful physiological influences on users of VE have been reported such as simulator sickness and motion sickness -collectively called VE sickness. For VE safety and comfort, we note a new dynamic visual illusion, called" rotational dynamic illusion" .Several psychophysical experiments measuring head movement in illusion obser...

When two identical faces are aligned vertically, humans readily perceive the face at the bottom to be fatter than the top one. This phenomenon is called the fat face illusion. Furthermore, an apparent similarity has been pointed out between the fat face illusion and the Jastrow illusion. Recent studies have suggested the importance of facial contours and the role of basic-level processing of fa...

The present study examined the degree to which positive illusion is associated with sport performance in basketball players among 3 different cultures: The United States of America, Croatia, and Norway. Positive illusion is a cognitive characteristic that is common in mentally healthy individuals, and becomes especially important in the athletic arena. The model tested in this study depicts the...

The Pinna illusion (Pinna & Brelstaff, 2000) consists of two concentric rings of micropatterns that appear to counter-rotate when the observer moves towards the stimulus. There have been several reports that the illusion is stronger when the retinal expansion is produced by observer self-motion than when produced on a computer screen without observer self-motion. In fact, we found that the illu...