The family of insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptors regulates many crucial aspects of cellular and whole-organism physiology. Evidence that targeting these receptors may be useful in cancer treatment was first recognized more than 20 years ago. Drug development began relatively recently, justified both by laboratory studies and by circumstantial clinical evidence that this receptor...

Disruption of normal fetal development can influence functioning of organs and cells in adulthood. Circumstantial evidence suggests that subtle reductions in fetal androgen production may be the cause of adult male reproductive disorders due to reduced testosterone production. The mechanisms through which these fetal events affect adult testosterone levels are largely unknown. A recent paper of...

MEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS, found mainly in fish oils, are said to be beneficial in conditions from Alzheimer disease to Zellweger syndrome. Much of the evidence is circumstantial and indirect, so if and how to use them is still open to question. We do however have solid and compelling evidence that two longchain omega-3 fatty acids—eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)—help preven...

This paper investigates causal relations between economic growth, income inequality, and transmission channels during the period 1972 to 2016. These channels include saving rate, investment rate, redistribution policies, human capital, and conspicuous consumption. There is no strong evidence that supports uni-directional or bi-directional causality. In addition, some of the transmission channel...

This essay asserts that seasonal and permanent migration may be connected, although there is no direct evidence for this relationship in the current research literature. We draw circumstantial and incomplete evidence for this proposition from findings of a recent survey of Canadian snowbirds in Florida and a parallel study of Canadian-Americans using the 1980 census public use sample migrant fi...

The bacterium Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans has been implicated in the pathogenesis of juvenile periodontitis as the etiologic agent on the basis of several lines of circumstantial evidence. A matter of extensive debate is whether A. actinomycetemcomitans is an exogenous contagious pathogen or an opportunistic pathogen that resides in the normal oral microflora. Here we show evidence of ...

GB is a zwitterionic, fully N-methyl-substituted derivative of Gly that is found in a large variety of microorganisms, higher plants, and animals (Rhodes and Hanson, 1993). At high concentrations, GB does not interfere with cytoplasmic functions and it efficiently stabilizes the structure and function of many macromolecules. Thus, it belongs to a group of compounds that are known collectively a...