BACKGROUND Refusal of the oral polio vaccine (OPV) is a difficulty faced by the Polio Eradication Initiative (PEI) in multiple endemic areas, including the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province (KPP), Pakistan. In 2007, we investigated community perceptions of the OPV and estimated the prevalence of OPV refusal in three districts in Swat Valley, KPP, a polio-endemic area. METHODS Qualitative data conce...

BACKGROUND Patients who refuse therapy against medical advice may be at risk of adverse health outcomes. We analyzed the impact of therapy refusal and its effect on the survival of retinoblastoma patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS 165 consecutive untreated retinoblastoma patients admitted to the CM-Hospital, between 1993-2000 were evaluated retrospectively. Survival outcomes and its association w...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Parental refusal and delay of childhood vaccines has increased in recent years and is believed to cluster in some communities. Such clusters could pose public health risks and barriers to achieving immunization quality benchmarks. Our aims were to (1) describe geographic clusters of underimmunization and vaccine refusal, (2) compare clusters of underimmunization with di...

General practitioners participating in a multipractice study were compared with those who refused to participate. We found that younger doctors, doctors in partnerships, and doctors with many patients were represented more among participants. However, no correlation was found between the number of patients examined for urinary tract infection in connection with the study.

based on the epistemological theory of islamic reformism which is an important school of thought in the muslim world, in order to gain or construct an authentic knowledge, the interaction between reason and religion is a necessity. this theory faces with two main theoretical challenges. the first challenge is the position of modernists toward this theory. they argue that this theory is in contr...