<span lang="EN-US">Many international organizations have called for reducing usage of renewable energy as a means to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, this paper studies the case electricity production based fossil fuels. Currently existing solutions is shift from fuels clean energy. Electrical interconnections are used between large-scale areas; these major problem that phenomenon oscilla...

This paper asserts a new method of analyzing fossil fuels, useful for sorting coals into well defined categories and for the identification of outlying ultimate analysis data. It describes a series of techniques starting with a new multi-variant approach for describing the lower Ranks of coal, progressing to a classical, but modified, single-variant approach for the volatile and high energy Ran...

Unconventional fossil hydrocarbons fall into two categories: resource plays and conversion-sourced hydrocarbons. Resource plays involve the production of accumulations of solid, liquid or gaseous hydro-carbons that have been generated over geological time from organic matter in source rocks. The character of these hydrocarbons may have been modified subsequently, especially in the case of solid...

This paper studies a dynamic game where each of two large blocs, of fossil fuel importers and exporters respectively, sets either taxes or quotas to exercise power in fossil-fuel markets. The main novel feature is the inclusion of a “fringe” of nonstrategic (emerging and developing) countries which both consume and produce fossil fuels. Cumulated emissions over time from global fossil fuel cons...

Nowadays, increased attention has been focused on internal combustion engine fuels. Regarding environmental effects of internal combustion engines particularly as sources of pollution and depletion of fossil fuels, compressed natural gas has been introduced as an alternative to gasoline and diesel fuels in many applications. A high research octane number which allows combustion at higher co...

The taxonomy, paleo-ecology and biogeography of the highly diverse "Cabarruyan" fauna are explored further. Eight species of three vetigastropod families are discussed here, one of which is described as new: Zeidora geigeri nov. spec. The other seven species were previously described from Recent material and three of these are also known from other fossil deposits. Most of the species still occ...

The use of biomass to provide energy has been fundamental to the development of civilisation. In recent times pressures on the global environment have led to calls for an increased use of renewable energy sources, in lieu of fossil fuels. Biomass is one potential source of renewable energy and the conversion of plant material into a suitable form of energy, usually electricity or as a fuel for ...