A great deal of recent theoretical work in inference has involved extending classical logic in some way. I argue that these extensions share two properties: firstly, the formal addition of truth values encoding intermediate levels of validity between true (i.e., valid) and false (i.e., invalid) and, secondly, the addition of truth values encoding intermediate levels of certainty between true or...

Reason maintenance systems and tem poral reasoning systems are among the most prominent application independent support systems used for complex AI ap plications and there are many applications that need both support for logical and temporal reasoning Apparently it is not enough to just provide two isolated sup port modules The logical and temporal subsystems have to be coupled in the right way...

In this pa.per we develop a proof procedure for autoepistemic (AEL) and defalrlt logics (DL), based on translating them into a. Truth Maintenance System (TMS). The translation is decidable if t,he theory consists of a finite number of defaults a.nd premises and classical derivability for the base language is decida.ble. To determine all extensions of a network, we develop variants of Doyle’s la...

After centuries of range contraction, many megafauna species are recolonizing parts of Europe. One example is the red deer (Cervus elaphus), which was able to expand its range and is now found in half the areas it inhabited in the beginning of the 19th century. Herbivores are important ecosystem engineers, influencing e.g. vegetation. Knowledge on their habitat selection and their influence on ...

While politicians in Washington, who have already authorized trillions of funds for businesses the past 3 years, been arguing over allocating state and local governments, there a number suggestions that stimulus packages potentially benefit certain states at expense to others. The arguments primarily appear come down politics – “red,” Republican-led versus “blue,” Democratically-led states. ins...