PURPOSE Rectus and the inferior oblique extraocular muscles (EOMs) consist of orbital layers (OLs), inserting on connective tissues, and global layers (GLs), inserting on the sclera. This study was performed to clarify the anatomic relationships of the corresponding layers of the superior oblique (SO) muscle. METHODS Two whole human and two monkey orbits were serially sectioned en bloc at 10-...

ALL modern authorities are agreed that gumma of muscle is now a relatively rare manifestation of syphilis. The condition is adequately described by Harrison and Lees who state that the triceps, biceps, sterno-mastoid, tongue, rectus abdominis and the calf muscles are most commonly involved. The gummata may retrogress and undergo calcification, or even ossification, or may break through the skin...

BACKGROUND This clinical study was conducted to present the clinical features, treatment and outcomes of rectus sheath hematoma (RSH), which is a complication of anticoagulation therapy that can present as acute abdomen. METHODS Twenty-two spontaneous RSH cases who were on anticoagulation therapy were reviewed. Patient characteristics, anticoagulant therapy form and indications, clinical pres...

1 of 2 DESCRIPTION A 45-year-old female, receiving long-term warfarin therapy for the past 9 years after undergoing Bentall’s operation and aortic arch replacement for dissective aortic aneurysm and annulo-aortic ectasia, developed an increasingly severe lower abdominal pain and visited the emergency department. She received the last pill of warfarin on the day of her presentation in the emerge...

Ventral hernia formation is a common complication of rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap harvest. The site and extent of harvest of the flap are known contributing factors. Therefore, an accurate location of the arcuate line of Douglas, which marks the lower extent of the posterior wall of the rectus sheath, may be relevant before harvesting the flap. This study is aimed at determining the p...

BACKGROUND If a chronically infected abdominal wound develops, complications such as peritonitis and an abdominal wall defect could occur. This could prolong the patient's hospital stay and increase the possibility of re-operation or another infection as well. For this reason, a solution for infection control is necessary. In this study, surgery using a rectus abdominis muscle myofascial splitt...

The varying presentations of acute surgical conditions make diagnoses often challenging. The commonly missed or misdiagnosed surgical conditions include acute appendicitis, testicular torsion, mid-cycle ovarian pain, femoral hernia, rectus sheath haematoma, diaphragmatic injury, aortic aneurysm and ischaemic bowel. This article provides a review of the literature on commonly missed and misdiagn...