The modern welfare state is a remarkable human achievement. In the advanced economies, a substantial fraction of total income is regularly transferred from the better off to the less well off, and the governments that preside over these transfers are regularly endorsed by publics (Atkinson 1999). The modern welfare state is thus the most significant case in human history of a voluntary egalitar...

By analyzing correlation-type reciprocity theorems for wavefields in perturbed media, it is shown that the correlation-type reciprocity theorem for the scattered field is the progenitor of the generalized optical theorem. This reciprocity theorem, in contrast to the generalized optical theorem, allows for inhomogeneous background properties and does not make use of a far-field condition. This t...

Recently a reciprocity theorem has been derived from the transport-relaxation equations for a simple system, consisting of one medium (Ref . ' ) . With a composite system, consisting of two immiscible media in contact, a plausible generalized reciprocity scheme, here called universal reciprocity postulate, is suggested now. It leads to an equivalent reciprocity requirement at the interface betw...

This paper is concerned with the two new boundary-type radial basis function collocation schemes, boundary knot method (BKM) and boundary particle method (BPM). The BKM is developed based on the dual reciprocity theorem, while the BKM employs the multiple reciprocity technique. Unlike the method of fundamental solution, the two methods use the non-singular general solution instead of singular f...

Channel reciprocity based key establishment techniques have attracted more and more attention from the wireless security research community for its easy implementation, low computational requirement, and small energy consumption. The basic idea of these techniques is to establish a shared key by utilizing the wireless channel reciprocity, i.e., the transmitter and receiver of one wireless link ...

There is an extensive literature across the humanities and social sciences on reciprocity as a fundamental driver of human behavior, and yet attempts to bring the main arguments from the diverse literatures together in a single interdisciplinary space remain scarce. This article aims to collate many of the main arguments from these literatures with the intention of speculating how reciprocity m...

We use detailed trade, tariff, and income data for countries involved in 91 trade agreements negotiated since 1980 to test for reciprocity in free trade agreements. The results offer strong evidence of reciprocity in North-North and South-South free trade agreements, but there is little empirical support for reciprocity in North-South trade agreements. In particular, after controlling for other...

Cooperation is needed for evolution to construct new levels of organization. Genomes, cells, multicellular organisms, social insects, and human society are all based on cooperation. Cooperation means that selfish replicators forgo some of their reproductive potential to help one another. But natural selection implies competition and therefore opposes cooperation unless a specific mechanism is a...

This note extends the analysis of Minardi and Savochkin (2013) by providing a slightly more general representation that does not require imposing the Reciprocity axiom. As we elaborate in the main paper, Reciprocity has normative appeal; however, it may seem somewhat restrictive from the descriptive viewpoint. In this note, we show that Reciprocity is far from being a crucial assumption in our ...