Purpose Water exchange between the intracellular and extracellular space can be measured using apparent rate (AXR) imaging. The aim of this study was to investigate relationship AXR geometry diffusion restrictions, membrane permeability, real rate, as well explore applicability for typical human measurement settings. Methods measurements underlying rates were simulated Monte Carlo method with d...

The study explores the phenomena of Latvian real exchange rate appreciation during transition in order to assess if repeatedly heard assertions of overvalued lats and its harming effect on country’s competitiveness are empirically validated. To this end real effective exchange rate of ten major trade partners, including both advanced and transition economies at different stages of their restruc...

The globalization emerging in the post-World War II increases integration of microeconomic economic players into international trade and financial system. Hence, exchange rates gain importance for decision-making. dismissal Bretton Woods agreement 1973 caused governments to implement flexible rate regime. Therefore, reliable forecasting has developing countries having structural problems underd...

One of the striking features of the business cycles is the patterns of co-movement of output, inflation, interest rates, and real equity prices across countries. This paper empirically examines the effects of domestic and foreign monetary policies on Iranchr('39')s macroeconomic variables (including real production, inflation, short-term interest rate, and real exchange rate) using quarterly da...

The exchange rate is one of the most important factors affecting travel costs tourists. Therefore, depreciation national currency makes tourist cheaper. Similarly, appreciation more expensive for From this point view, study aims to seek effects real effective USD/TRY on tourism income and average expenditure per capita period 2003Q1-2019Q4. In empirical analysis, Granger causality test was used...