Recent studies have proposed and investigated the use of unbonded posttensioned (PT) bars in bridge substructure systems to improve their self-centering behavior. However, lateral loading resistance capacities reinforced concrete (RC) piers with PT (i.e., RC piers: PRC piers) could be easily compromised by early crushing base compression toe during a seismic event. Hence, order enhance pier int...

The consequences of climate change on infrastructure, particularly reinforced concrete (RC) bridges, have rapidly increased in recent years. These are primarily driven by the surge CO2 emissions, which significantly impacts carbonation depth RC structures. This study aims to investigate probability carbonation-induced corrosion initiation (PCICI) bridge elements. To achieve this, investigation ...

Nanoparticles, when incorporated into polymer matrices, can improve the intrinsic properties of composite materials. These materials possess fascinating and find widespread applications in bioengineering, medicine, aerospace, electronics. However, impact nanoparticle surface heterostructures on systems is not fully understood. To bridge this gap, hydrogels (HRCs) are developed using rough-surfa...

The origin and early evolution of photosynthesis are reviewed from an ecophysiological perspective. Earth's first ecosystems were chemotrophic, fueled by geological H2 at hydrothermal vents and, required flavin-based electron bifurcation to reduce ferredoxin for CO2 fixation. Chlorophyll-based phototrophy (chlorophototrophy) allowed autotrophs to generate reduced ferredoxin without electron bif...

When depth of flow past a river bridge exceeds opening under the bridge, the flow under the bridge becomes pressurized. The water is directed downward and under the bridge deck, causing increase in velocity and shear stress on the bed thereby increasing bed scour. This is termed as Pressure Flow Scour. The present study investigates the phenomenon of pressure flow scour resulting from a submerg...