Category Ratio Scale Category External Internal Abstract Nominal Scale Category External InternalNominal Scale Category External Internal Oridinal Scale Magnitude Equal Interval Absolute Zero Abstract Ratio Scale Nominal Scale Ratio Scale Ratio ScaleRatio Scale Nominal Scale Ratio Scale Ratio Scale (A) Shape→File Size (B) Length→File Type (C) Length→File Size Excel Word Draw

In associative models, conductive connections (associations, Hebbian synapses) are strengthened by the repetitive temporal pairing of stimuli. The associations cause the animal to behave more adaptively, but they do not encode information about objectively specifiable properties of the conditioning experience. In information processing (computational) models, the temporal intervals that define ...

We discuss how to embed quantum nonlocality in an approximately classical spacetime background, a question which must be answered irrespective of any underlying microscopic theory of spacetime. We argue that, in deterministic hidden-variables theories, the choice of spacetime kinematics should be dictated by the properties of generic non-equilibrium states, which allow nonlocal signalling. Such...

Many theoretical constructs of interest to psychologists are multidimensional and derive from the integration of several input variables. We show that input variables that are measured on ordinal scales cannot be combined to produce a stable weakly ordered output variable that allows trading off the input variables. Instead a partial order is obtained in which the amount of ordering depends on ...