An improved approach of predicting rain attenuation cumulative distribution (CD) over terrestrial microwave links operating in tropical regions is presented in this article. The proposed method offers a better extrapolation approach for determining the values of rain attenuation at different exceedance probability from the measured attenuation at 0.01% of the time. The experimental data consist...

Recently a rainfall erosivity map has been published. We show that the values of this map contain considerable bias because (i) the temporal resolution of the rain data was insufficient, which likely underestimates rain erosivity by about 20%, (ii) no attempt had been included to account for the different time periods that were used for different countries, which can modify rain erosivity by mo...

In this paper, rain statistics of 10 years record in Taiwan area was used to investigate the transmission performance of the Ka-band LMDS system with QAM modulation. Emphasis was placed to investigate the effects of rain fading under MQAM modulation schemes. It is found that for LMDS cellular network, M-QAM modulation is difficult to provide an effective and reliable high speed transmission for...

Propagation measurements at Ku-band over an earth-space path have been carried out at Kolkata (22°34′ N, 88°29′ E) by receiving a signal at 11.172 GHz from the satellite NSS-6 (geostationary at 95°E). The amplitudes of the co-polar signal and the cross-polar component have been monitored along with the measurements of rain rate and drop size distribution by an optical raingauge and a Joss-type ...

Accurate and reliable rain rate estimates are important for various hydrometeorological applications. Consequently, rain sensors of different types have been deployed in many regions. In this work, measurements from different instruments, namely, rain gauge, weather radar, and microwave link, are combined for the first time to estimatewith greater accuracy the spatial distribution and intensity...

Rain attenuation is a major source of impairment to signal propagation at microwave and millimeter wave bands. The procedures for the estimation of rain attenuation values as regard to microwave signals however rely mainly on 1-minute rain rate statistics, particularly those obtained locally from experimental measurement campaigns over a given location. In this paper, we present recent results ...

This study examines the characteristics of winter (Dec–Feb) rain-on-snow events and their relationship to surface air temperatures to reveal potential changes in rain-on-snow days under a warming climate over northern Eurasia. We found that rain-on-snow events mostly occur over European Russia during winter. Rain-on-snow days increase as air temperature increases and are primarily attributable ...

Rainfall forecasts compiled by the South African Weather Service (SAWS) are used daily by agriculture, industry, sportsmen and the general public. Because of the importance of the rainfall forecast, it is of considerable interest to know how reliable these forecasts are. The SAWS evaluates the rainfall forecasts issued by the Central Forecasting Office (CFO) on a daily basis. A hit score is det...

This paper presents the bit error rate (BER) upper bounds for trellis coded asymmetric 8PSK (TC-A8PSK) system using the Ka-band satellite in the rain fading environment. The probability density function (PDF) for the rain fading random variable can be theoretically derived by assuming that the rain attenuation can be approximated to a log-normal distribution and the rain fading parameters are c...

Understanding the causes of savanna–forest dynamics is vital as small but widespread changes in the extent of tropical forests can have major impacts on global climate, biodiversity and human well-being. Comparison of aerial photographs for 50 rain-forest patches in Kakadu National Park had previously revealed a landscape-wide monotonic expansion of rain-forest boundaries between 1964 and 2004....