Two architectures for a 1-V, 10-bit 200-kS/s successive approximation analog-to-digital converter (ADC) implemented in a standard CMOS 0.18 μm digital process are presented. A track-andhold circuit based on a novel implementation of the bootstrapped low-voltage analog CMOS switch with a novel rail-to-rail trackand-latch comparator circuit is described. A pMOS-only ladder containing a rail-to-ra...

This article examines the changes that occurred in the rail network and density of population in London during the 19th and 20th centuries. It aims to disentangle the ‘chicken and egg’ problem of which came first, network or land development, through a set of statistical analyses clearly distinguishing events by order. Using panel data representing the 33 boroughs of London over each decade fro...

High-speed intercity passenger rail projects are very complex and require many years of planning and environmental activities before construction can begin. Given the complexity of planning and environmental reviews associated with high-speed intercity passenger rail corridor planning, a systematic approach for high-level screening of various alternative routings for proposed high-speed rail co...

Rails (family Rallidae) are vulnerable to the impacts of invasive mammals, and this is particularly true for species on oceanic islands. The endemic Galápagos rail (Laterallus spilonotus) is no exception; previous studies suggested that Galápagos rail populations were heavily impacted due to predation by pigs (Sus scrofa) and habitat degradation by goats (Capra hircus). Following recent conserv...

This study evaluates rail transit benefits based on a comprehensive analysis of transportation system performance in major U.S. cities. It finds that cities with large, wellestablished rail systems have significantly higher per capita transit ridership, lower average per capita vehicle ownership and annual mileage, less traffic congestion, lower traffic death rates, lower consumer expenditures ...

In this paper design for 1 volt rail to rail supply voltage output of operational amplifier with common mode feedback amplifier has been presented. The circuit has been simulated using BSIM4 model with 50nm CMOS process. The simulation results show that output voltages for the modified operational amplifier are swinging from 10mV to 990mV i.e. between the rail to rail supply voltages (0 to 1V)....

− A universal and robust circuit technique to maintain a constant transconductance in rail-to-rail amplifiers, based on an input stage made up of parallelconnected complementary differential pairs, is introduced in this paper. The principle of operation consists of comparing the total transconductance with a reference value and then, appropriated tail currents are generated for the complementar...

Lack of competition in some rail markets has led to calls to force rail carriers to open their networks to competitors at regulated prices. Such rail “unbundling” is intended to reduce rates by facilitating competition when the underlying economics of the network makes facilities entry infeasible. These proposals mirror arguments made in support of telephony network element unbundling under the...

This paper aims to investigate the effect of acceleration on the discomfort of standing passengers. The acceleration levels from different public rail transport lines such as the mass rapid transits (MRTs) and light rail transits (LRTs) of Singapore, as well as the associated qualitative data indicating the discomfort of standing passengers are collected and analyzed. Based on a logistic regres...

The Australian rail industry consists of a complex network of rail operators and owners. Against this background are separate regulatory regimes for safety, access, economic and environmental functions, which are overseen by a mix of State governments, including the relevant Environmental Protection Agencies (EPAs), and the Commonwealth. Within the rail industry, these regimes, o...