Accession of the Republic of Poland to the European Union (EU) has committed Poland to adopt, among others, policy of opening up the market of products and services in the area of rail transport. Follow decision about the opening of the EU market and transport services for rail transport, the European Parliament and of the Council have introduced a number of safety and interoperability directiv...

CBTC (Communication Based Train Control) systems are known as comprehensive, integrated and intelligent control systems for rail systems including mainline railways, light rails and underground lines in cities. With the development of modern data communication, computer and control techniques, CBTC represents the future direction of rail control systems. At present, CBTC has been used in light ...

The principal causes of cracking in prestressed concrete sleepers are the dynamic loads induced by track irregularities and imperfections in the wheel-rail contact and the in-phase and out-of-phase track resonances. The most affected points are the mid-span and rail-seat sections of the sleepers. Central and rail-seat crack detection require visual inspections, as legislation establishes, and i...

Five new species of recently extinct rails from two Macaronesian archipelagoes (Madeira and Azores) are described. All the species are smaller in size than their presumed ancestor, the European rail Rallus aquaticus. Two species inhabited the Madeira archipelago: (1) Rallus lowei n. sp., the stouter of the species described herein, was a flightless rail with a robust tarsometatarsus and reduced...

This paper describes a fully diierential dual-ended ultra low-voltage (ULV) FGUVMOS operational transconductance ampliier (FGUVMOS-OTA). The OTA has no internal nodes, rail-to-rail operation, and a dynamic load.

Class AB differential amplifiers using composite BiCMOS and bipolar transistors are introduced. Their utilization for the implementation of low voltage (+-1.65V) operational amplifiers with high slew rate and rail to rail common mode input voltage range is discussed.

We present a novel floating-gate ultra lowvoltage (ULV) analog multiplicator with tunable linear range. Rail to rail operation is provided in the symmetric analog “gates” presented which are utilized in the ULV analog multiplier described in this paper.

The most luminous quasars (with bolometric luminosities are & 1047 erg/s) show a high prevalence of CIV λ1549 and [OIII]λλ4959,5007 emission line profiles with strong blueshifts. Blueshifts are interpreted as due to Doppler effect and selective obscuration, and indicate outflows occurring over a wide range of spatial scales. We found evidence in favor of the nuclear origin of the outflows diagn...

The California black rail (Laterallus jamaicensis coturniculus) and Virginia rail (Rallus limicola) are cryptic species of marsh birds that often coexist in the same wetland sites. The black rail is currently listed as threatened in California. Little is known about the diet of either bird species and their interactions due to their secretive nature. It has been suggested that black and Virgini...

Knowledge of wheel–rail interaction is crucial to wheel and rail maintenance. In this interaction, some of the worn-off material is transformed into airborne particles. Although such wear is well understood, few studies treat the particles generated. We investigated friction modifiers' effects on airborne particles characteristics generated in wheel-rail contacts in laboratory conditions. Pin-o...