A hand-held, battery-powered Fourier transform infrared spectroradiometer weighing 12.5 kg has been developed for the field measurement of spectral radiance from the Earth's surface and atmosphere in the 3-5-µm and 8-14-µm atmospheric windows, with a 6-cm(-1) spectral resolution. Other versions of this instrument measure spectral radiance between 0.4 and 20 µm, using different optical materials...

Observed surface downward longwave radiances from the Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI) were compared with line-by-line radiative transfer model (LBLRTM) calculations from April 1994 to November 1996 for “clear-sky conditions” in the 800-1250 atmospheric The observed radiance data used herein were measured by the window region. Results show that the mean AERI-LBLRTM AERI at the...

Lake Malawi boasts the highest diversity of freshwater fishes in the world. Nearshore sites are categorized according to their bottom substrate, rock or sand, and these habitats host divergent assemblages of cichlid fishes. Sexual selection driven by mate choice in cichlids led to spectacular diversification in male nuptial coloration. This suggests that the spectral radiance contrast of fish, ...

Sun photometers are used to characterize the radiative properties of the atmosphere. They measure both the incident solar irradiance as well as the sky radiance (from scattered incident flux). Global networks of sun photometers provide data products such as aerosol optical thickness derived from these measurements. Instruments are typically calibrated for irradiance responsivity by cross-calibr...

Detectors have historically been calibrated for spectral power responsivity at the National Institute of Standards and Technology by using a lamp-monochromator system to tune the wavelength of the excitation source. Silicon detectors can be calibrated in the visible spectral region with combined standard uncertainties at the 0.1% level. However, uncertainties increase dramatically when measurin...

The radiance transmittance (Tr) is the ratio of the water-leaving radiance (Lw(0+)) to the sub-surface upwelling radiance (Lu(0-)), which is an important optical parameter for ocean optics and ocean color remote sensing. Historically, a constant value (~0.54) based on theoretical presumptions has been adopted for Tr and is widely used. This optical parameter, however, has never been measured in...

Ray tracing, which computes radiance, is usually regarded as an off-line rendering algorithm that is too slow for interactive use. In this paper, we present a system that uses per-surface four-dimensional interpolants to approximate radiance, while providing guaranteed error bounds. Our system exploits object-space, ray-space, image-space and temporal coherence to accelerate ray tracing. Our sy...

Classical ray-tracing algorithms compute radiance returning to the eye along one or more sample rays through each pixel of an image. The output of a ray-tracing algorithm, although potentially photorealistic, is a two-dimensional quantity { an image array of radiance values { and is not directly useful from any viewpoint other than the one for which it was computed. This paper makes several con...

A radiance environment map pre-integrates a constant surface reflectance with the lighting environment. It has been used to generate photo-realistic rendering at interactive speed. However, one of its limitations is that each radiance environment map can only render the object which has the same surface reflectance as what it integrates. In this paper, we present a ratio-image based technique t...

The topographical and photometric reconstruction of the moon from Apollo metric data has gained attention to support manned mission planning since the NASA has been working on return to the moon in 2004. This paper focuses on photometric recovery of the moon surface from Apollo orbital imagery. The statistical behavior of photons generates the scene radiance which follows a continuous Poisson d...