Using the concept developed in earlier papers, that the cosmic rays originate in three different main sites, a) the normal supernova explosions into the interstellar medium, b) the supernova explosions into a stellar wind, and c) powerful radio galaxies, we demonstrate in this paper that the spectrum and chemical abundances above 10 GeV can be well understood. Using existing data on the chemica...

Accurate measurement of the frequency-dependent shift of the self-absorbed radio core is required for multi-frequency analysis of VLBI data since absolute positional information is lost as a result of phase self-calibration. We use the cross-correlation technique of Croke & Gabuzda (2008) on the optically thin jet emission to align our VLBA images. Our results are consistent with those obtained...

Simulations of radio emission from extensive air showers we have published so far were performed with a Monte Carlo code using analytical parametrisations to describe the spatial, temporal, energy and angular particle distributions in the air shower. A new version of our simulation code, which replaces these parametrisations with precise, multi-dimensional histograms derived from per-shower COR...

We consider the setting of Reeb graphs of piecewise linear functions and study distances between them that are stable, meaning that functions which are similar in the supremum norm ought to have similar Reeb graphs. We define an edit distance for Reeb graphs and prove that it is stable and universal, meaning that it provides an upper bound to any other stable distance. In contrast, via a specif...

Extensive air showers (EAS) are known for about 70 years to be cascades initiated by primary cosmic rays in the atmosphere. As such, they serve as connection to the highest particle energies nature is offering, especially at energies exceeding 10 eV where direct measurements of cosmic rays are hampered by the low primary flux. EAS can be viewed as tools for astroparticle physics. The main task ...

The τ Herculid meteor shower has not shown any appreciable activity since 1930. However, it is associated with Comet 73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann 3, a Jupiter-family comet that split in 1995. The fragments will pass near the Earth on 2006 May 13, and could produce an outburst of the τ Herculid shower. However, by considering both meteoroids released during the splitting event and on previous perihe...

An efficient scheme for one-dimensional extensive air shower simulation and its implementation in the program CONEX are presented. Explicit Monte Carlo simulation of the high-energy part of hadronic and electromagnetic cascades in the atmosphere is combined with a numeric solution of cascade equations for smaller energy sub-showers to obtain accurate shower predictions. The developed scheme all...

We have used Monte Carlo simulations to investigate the capabilities of a giant air shower observatory designed to detect showers initiated by cosmic rays with energies exceeding 10 19 eV. The observatory is to consist of an array of detectors that will characterise the air shower at ground level, and optical detectors to measure the uorescence light emitted by the shower in the atmosphere. Usi...

The interface program shower to the EGS [1] Monte Carlo electromagnetic cascade shower simulation code system was written to facilitate the definition of complicated target and shielding geometries and to simplify the handling of input and output of data. The geometry is defined by a series of namelist commands in an input file. The input and output beam data files follow the SDDS [2] (self-des...