introduction: hospitals, like most executive agencies have scarified the importance of policy, planning and supervision with their executive actions. with their errors, they waste the resources and remain away from development and competitive arena.so during recent years the ministry of health and medical education as well as other areas, in order to make rational government size, strengthening...

Abu-Hijleh, Marwan F., Salah Kassab, Qasim Al-Shboul, and Pallab K. Ganguly. Evaluation of the teaching strategy of cardiovascular system in a problem-based curriculum: student perception. Adv Physiol Educ 28: 59–63, 2004; 10.1152/advan.00010.2003.—It is generally acknowledged that an integrated approach to teaching cardiovascular system (CVS) is clinically relevant. However, very little attent...

Traffic congestion in mega cities is a common phenomenon for developing countries. Numerous studies on congestion cost estimation, that aim to quantify their monetary losses, have been conducted. Value of Time (VOT) assessment through utility maximizing theory and choice models are abundantly applied in transport literature. However, estimating VOT on congested network is not widely applied yet...

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BACKGROUND Posttraumatic and/or postsurgical knee stiffness is one of the orthopedic complications which is difficult to be treated and can affect individual's life negatively. The aim of this study is to investigate the results of quadricepsplasty in patients with knee stiffness resulted from femoral fracture. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a cross-sectional study on all patients with femoral...

BACKGROUND Stressors in the intensive care unit (ICU) impair patients' comfort, excite the stress response, and increase oxygen consumption in their body. Non-medical interventions are recommended by several studies as a treatment to improve comfort in the ICU patients. Sensory stimulation is one of the most important interventions. Since arterial blood oxygen saturation is an important index o...

BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) could be considered as one of the most common chronic disorders of the central nervous system. However, patient education tasks in this group are a challenge for health care provider team but due to increase in the incidence of MS, a new category of contact, care, and education seems to be useful. Hence, the aim of this study was to compare the effect of elect...

BACKGROUND Tinnitus is a chronic and bothering problem which in some patients may lead to some psychological reactions. While tinnitus may be caused due to some definable structural abnormalities, sometimes no structural etiologic defect can be found. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of acupuncture on the inner ear originated tinnitus in the latter mentioned group. METHODS...