introduction: gastrointestinal endoscopy is  as a diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases in children. due to severe response and spastic in  the muscles of the digestive tract is created during endoscopy,endoscopy is often face with difficult. the aim of this study is to evaluate peppermint impact in pyloric spasm in children undergo endoscopy.   material and methods: in this clin...

Infants with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis typically present at 2 to 4 weeks of age with nonbilious projectile vomiting. Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is exceedingly rare in newborn infants and is scarcely reported in literature. Also, the diagnostic criteria for ultrasonographic measurements in newborn infants have yet to be determined. This report is of a newborn infant with hypertrophic pylo...

biliary atresia is characterized by the progressive obliteration of extra- and intrahepatic biliary duct system leading to the obstruction of bile flow in infancy. the cause(s) of biliary atresia remain unclear and many surgical options for bypassing the atretic segment have been described. 1-3 biliary atresia may be associated with small bowel atresia.  the surgical interventions for biliary d...

The effects of stimulating the modulatory proctolin-containing neurons (MPNs) on the pyloric rhythm of the stomatogastric ganglion of the crab, Cancer borealis, were compared with those produced by exogenously applied proctolin. The effects of both MPN stimulation and proctolin applications depend on the preceding physiological state of the preparation. Both treatments increase the pyloric cycl...

OBJECTIVE To study the aetiology, morbidity and mortality of neonatal intestinal obstruction. DESIGN A retrospective study. SETTING Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria. SUBJECTS One hundred and fifty one neonates (< or = 28 days) undergoing surgery for mechanical intestinal obstruction. RESULTS The male/female ratio was 3:1 and median age at presentation was four d...

Biliary atresia is characterized by the progressive obliteration of extra- and intrahepatic biliary duct system leading to the obstruction of bile flow in infancy. The cause(s) of biliary atresia remain unclear and many surgical options for bypassing the atretic segment have been described.1-3 Biliary atresia may be associated with small bowel atresia.  The surgical interventions for biliary dr...

1. In the lobster Palinurus vulgaris a sensory input in the lateral posterolateral nerve (lpln) of the stomatogastric nervous system (STS) is able to turn on the cardiac sac (CS) network and to induce dramatic long-lasting alterations in the output of the pyloric network. This long-lasting alteration of pyloric network output consists primarily of changes in the activity of the two neurons that...

choanal atresia was first described by roeder in 1755.1 choanal atresia is the narrowing or obstruction of the posterior nasal fossa. this anomaly could be congenital or acquired. most patients are female.2 choanal atresia might be isolated or associated with other anomalies like charge syndrome and 20-50% of congenital cases have this company.3 choanal atresia could be unilateral or bilateral ...

(This section is meant for residents to check their understanding regarding a particular topic) QUESTIONS 1. Briefly describe embryogenesis of duo-denal atresia 2. How duodenal atresia is classified? 3. What anomalies are associated with du-odenal atresia? 4. Discuss the role of antenatal ultrasound in babies with duodenal atresia 5. What are the important clinical features of duodenal atresia?...

BACKGROUND Intestinal atresia is a common cause of neonatal intestinal obstruction, and management of this disease in limited setup of a developing country is very difficult. METHODS This study is a retrospective study of patients with jejunoileal atresias and their postoperative outcome in a teaching hospital in eastern Nepal over a 5-year period. RESULTS There were 28 children (19 boys an...