In this paper, we propose a heterogeneous-prioritized spectrum sharing policy for coordinated dynamic spectrum access networks, where a centralized spectrum manager coordinates the access of primary users (PUs) and secondary users (SUs) to the spectrum. Through modeling the access of PUs and multiple classes of SUs as continuous-time Markov chains, we analyze the overall system performance with...

It was postulated that the short chain fatty acids (SCFA) produced by anaerobic bacteria might serve as microbial markers in purulent material. Eighteen pus specimens from various sources were analysed by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC), and the SCFA detected were compared with the microorganisms isolated by conventional methods. It was found that the detection of propionic, isobutyric, butyric...

—In this paper, we consider multiple primary and multiple secondary users cooperative cognitive radio networks, in which the primary users (PUs) lease a portion of their spectrum to the secondary users (SUs) for some revenue, and in return the SUs play as relays and help forward the data of the Pus in exchange for being granted spectrum opportunities. Both the PUs and SUs aim to maximize their...

In cognitive radio networks (CRN), Out-of-Band (OoB) spectrum sensing provides seamless communication. Cognitive radio (CR) users, so called secondary users (SUs), should avoid interference with primary users (PUs), the owner of the licensed band, while trying to access the unused licensed or unlicensed band, for spectrum utilization. When PUs request to access their band, SUs need to vacate th...

In cognitive radio networks (CRNs), secondary users (SUs) can proactively obtain spectrum access opportunities by helping with primary users’ (PUs’) data transmissions. Currently, such kind of spectrum access is implemented via a cooperative communications based link-level frame-based cooperative (LLC) approach where individual SUs independently serve as relays for PUs in order to gain spectrum...

In this paper, a novel spectrum association approach for cognitive radio networks (CRNs) is proposed. Based on a measure of both inference and confidence as well as on a measure of qualityof-service, the association between secondary users (SUs) in the network and frequency bands licensed to primary users (PUs) is investigated. The problem is formulated as a matching game between SUs and PUs. I...

The present study consisted of a theoretical approach to the problem posed by the economic costs associated with pressure ulcers (PUs). The initial aim was to assess the target problem from a conceptual perspective and then to report the results of prevalence studies that formed the basis for investigations of the disease's economic impact. The purpose of the present article is to discuss the e...

The assessment of the strategic goals of organisations calls for an holistic understanding of the entire workforce; moreso that the human capacity development is also crucial. Moreover, the influence and inter-relationships of the financial performance of organisations have been well documented by researchers, particularly with respect to the non-financial performances, such as Corporate Social...

We have recently reported the mechanical properties and hydrolytic degradation behavior of a series of NovoSorb™ biodegradable polyurethanes (PUs) prepared by varying the hard segment (HS) weight percentage from 60 to 100. In this study, the in vitro degradation behavior of these PUs with and without extracellular matrix (ECM) coating was investigated under accelerated hydrolytic degradation (p...

We propose a distributed spectrum access algorithm for cognitive radio relay networks with multiple primary users (PUs) and multiple secondary users (SUs). The key idea behind the proposed algorithm is that the PUs negotiate with the SUs on both the amount of monetary compensation, and the amount of time the SUs are either (i) allowed spectrum access, or (ii) cooperatively relaying the PU’s dat...