Oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. Astrocytes, the most abundant glial cells in the brain, protect neurons from reactive oxygen species (ROS) and provide them with trophic support, such as glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). Thus, any damage to astrocytes will affect neuronal survival. In the present...

1. We combined ecological surveys, life table studies, microscopy and molecular sequencing to determine the development, ecology, pathology and phylogeny of Polycaryum laeve, an endoparasite of cladocerans. We report the first records of P. laeve from North America, where we have used a polymerase chain reaction primer and microscopic examination to confirm infections in 14 lakes. Infections ar...

The bee genus Pseudoanthidium is represented by nine species in Europe. Of these species, nanum the most widespread, occurs mainly xerothermic open habitats and creates nests various cavity types. In this study, we provide information on nest structure of reed stalks oak galls about its parasitic species. We first report P. as a host Xylophrurus augustus (Ichneumonidae). biology much rarer rela...

Microevolution can have consequences at higher levels of ecological organization. Although divergence among populations be rapid and driven by anthropogenic changes to the environment, relevance evolution induced human activities remains poorly understood. A frequent way in which drive microevolution is increase supply nutrients such as phosphorus (P) that are required for fitness-relevant trai...

Due to drought, low soil fertility, little rain fall, elevated levels of evapotranspiration, salinization the and a lack ground water, problem desertion agricultural areas has developed in KSA recent years (e.g. Tabuk region). In Saudi Arabia, land abandonment’s negative impact on composition perennial vegetation, quality, structure population was investigated. several abandoned fields research...