Human T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma virus type I (HTLV-I) is a retrovirus that has been identified as the causative agent of HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and other illnesses. HTLV-I infects primarily CD4(+) T cells and the transmission occurs through direct cell-to-cell contact. HAM/TSP patients harbor higher proviral loads in peripheral blood lymphocytes than...

The brain is targeted by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) during the course of untreated infection, leading to cognitive impairment, neurological damage and HIV encephalitis (HIVE). To study early dynamics of HIV entry into the brain, we examined a unique autopsy series of samples obtained from 15 untreated individuals who died in the presymptomatic stages of infection from non-HIV c...

The gag-pol readthrough mutant of Moloney murine leukemia virus, MLV-B(CAG) (T. Odawara, H. Yoshikura, M. Oshima, T. Tanaka, D. S. Jones, F. Nemoto, Y. Kuchino, and A. Iwamoto, J. Virol. 65:6376-6379, 1991), was poorly complemented by a mutant encoding only Gag. This is because with all the genetic elements necessary for env expression present in MLV-B(CAG), insufficient Env protein was produce...

In the mouse strain GR, the Mtv-2 gene controls the expression of large amounts of mammary tumor virus (MTV) antigens in the milk at first lactation. It also controls the early appearance of mammary tumors. We have investigated the number of MTV proviral sequences associated with this Mtv-2 gene by nucleic acid hybridization between MTV [(3)H]cDNA and DNA from GR, B10, and GR-Mtv-2(-) mice. B10...

In recent years antiretroviral availability and access has become more prevalent in resource poor settings, whilst the availability of access to HIV-1 drug resistance testing remains limited and patients are often started on therapy or switched when failing without a resistance test. Proviral DNA has been proposed as a source of archived resistance mutations. We investigated the feasibility of ...

UNLABELLED Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and type 2 (HTLV-2) are highly related retroviruses that transform T cells in vitro but have distinct pathological outcomes in vivo. HTLV-1 encodes a protein from the antisense strand of its proviral genome, the HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper factor (HBZ), which inhibits Tax-1-mediated viral transcription and promotes cell proliferation, a hig...

Nucleotide sequences of regions of the envelope (env) and polymerase (po/) genes of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) proviral DNA were obtained from sequential blood and autopsy samples from an AIDS patient who had been treated with zidovudine for 9 months, Phylogenetic analyses showed that a reduction in genetic heterogeneity of the env regions of viruses present in the proviral blo...

BACKGROUND Ongoing HIV-1 replication in lymphoid cells is one explanation of the persistence of HIV-1 reservoirs despite highly active antiretroviral therapy (cART). We tested the potential of cART intensification by Maraviroc plus Raltegravir to decrease proviral HIV-1 DNA levels in lymphoid cells during a randomized trial. PATIENTS AND METHODS We randomly assigned for 48 weeks 22 patients t...