The first structures were proto-voids formed in the primordial plasma when viscous and weak turbulence forces balanced gravitational forces at the scale of causal connection LH ≡ ct ≈ LSV ≡ (γν/ρG) 1/2 ≈ LST ≡ ε /(ρG) at time t ≈ 30 000 years (10 s) the age of the universe, with c the speed of light, γ ≈ 1/t the rate of strain, ν the kinematic viscosity, and LSV and LST Gibson’s 1996 viscous an...

W e present proto-dialog skills of a n anthropomo-rphzc robot, Kismet. The implementation is modeled after the proto-conversational skills of human infants. W e have supplemented Kismet’s vocal turn-taking skills with other para-linguistic socaal cues. W e have found that naive subjects intuitavely read and m e these cues to regulate the exchange, making it smoother over time.

Planet formation models begin with proto-embryos and planetesimals already fully formed, missing out a crucial step, the of planetesimals/proto-embryos. In this work, we include prescriptions for planetesimal proto-embryo arising from pebbles becoming trapped in short-lived pressure bumps, thermally evolving viscous discs to examine sizes distributions throughout disc. We find that increase orb...

The study of oncogenic viruses led to the discovery that transforming retroviruses contain oncogenes homologous with and/or derived from cellular proto-oncogenes. In humans malignant transformation is often the result of the activation of proto-oncogenes. Normal proto-oncogenes can be activated to transforming proto-oncogenes by a variety of mechanisms including point mutation, translocation an...

We consider a generic proto-cell model consisting of any conservative chemical reaction network embedded within a membrane. The membrane results from the self-assembly of one of the chemical species (membrane precursor) and is semi-permeable to some other chemical species (nutrients) diffusing from an outside growth medium into the proto-cell. Inside the proto-cell, nutrients are metabolized in...

Two experiments evaluated the effect of retinal image size on the proto-object model of visual clutter perception. Experiment 1 had 20 participants order 90 small images of random-category real-world scenes from least to most cluttered. Aggregating these individual rankings into a single median clutter ranking and comparing it to a previously reported clutter ranking of larger versions of the i...

The English word "health" comes from the Old English word hale, meaning "wholeness, a state of being and feeling whole, sound or well" [1]. Hale comes from the Proto-Indo-European root "kailo", meaning "whole, uninjured, of good omen". Kailo comes from the Proto-Germanic root "khalbas", meaning "something (un)divided". [...].