We investigated the effects of glutamine and histidine analogues on glutamine transport processes in membrane vesicles prepared from rat liver (sinusoidal membrane) and skeletal muscle (sarcolemma). L-[14C]Glutamine is transported in these membranes predominantly by Systems N/Nm (liver and muscle respectively), and to a lesser extent by Systems A and L (e.g. about 60, 20 and 20% of total flux r...

1. The activities of the two key enzymes involved in glutamine metabolism, glutaminase and glutamine synthetase, were measured in mucosal biopsies taken from different sites throughout the human gastrointestinal tract, from oesophagus to rectum. 2. The specific activity of glutamine synthetase was highest in the stomach (4.5 nmol glutamine formed per minute per mg of protein), but both small an...

HYPOTHESIS the endovenous administration of glutamine, independently of the type of nurtrition received, can reduce the ICU length of stay, the incidence of infections and the mortality in the traumatic patients admitted to the ICU. OBJECTIVES The main objective is to assess the efficacy of glutamine suplementation, given intravenously, to reduce the incidence of infectious complications, mor...

Glutamine is the primary metabolite of nitrogen assimilation from inorganic nitrogen sources in microorganisms and plants. The ability to monitor cellular nitrogen status is pivotal for maintaining metabolic homeostasis and sustaining growth. The present study identifies a glutamine-sensing mechanism common in the entire plant kingdom except Brassicaceae. The plastid-localized PII signaling pro...

Glutamine, the most abundant free amino acid in human plasma, has outstanding nutritional and non-nutritional properties. Glutamine regulates immune function and modulates cell metabolism. In particular, its administration showed a positive effect on glucose oxidation and on insulin resistance in different experimental and clinical studies. In humans, glutamine acts as both a substrate and modu...

Amino acids are required for activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase which regulates protein translation, cell growth, and autophagy. Cell surface transporters that allow amino acids to enter the cell and signal to mTOR are unknown. We show that cellular uptake of L-glutamine and its subsequent rapid efflux in the presence of essential amino acids (EAA) is the rate-limitin...

Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells were propagated in vitro and exposed to varying doses of ionizing radiation. The surviving fraction of cells was determined, being found to be a function of the radiation dose. The cell survival curves obtained as a function of radiation dose were modified by the inclusion of varying doses of glutamine in the medium with glutamine demonstrating a radioprotectiv...

The effect of glutamine on the number of metacyclic trypanosomes produced in insect form cultures of Trypanosoma congolense TREU 1457 was investigated. When cultured in the absence of glutamine, trypanosomes did not develop to metacyclic forms. While metacyclics were produced in all cultures maintained with glutamine in the concentration range 2-20 mM, optimum numbers were obtained between 4 an...

Dena Biosphere Reserve located in Iran and is a 550 Biosphere Reserve in the worlds. This research was investigated in the two protected and non-protected areas, in a Dena Biosphere Reserve, Kohkeloye va Boyrahmad province, and central zagros forest, southwest of Iran. Inventory methods designed by systemetic-randomaiz method by use the rectangular plots that were 15×30 meters in the 100×100 m ...

Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other pathogenic mycobacteria export abundant quantities of proteins into their extracellular milieu when growing either axenically or within phagosomes of host cells. One major extracellular protein, the enzyme glutamine synthetase, is of particular interest because of its link to pathogenicity. Pathogenic mycobacteria, but not nonpathogenic mycobacteria, export ...