Rev Assoc Med Bras 2009; 2010; 56(1): 723-8 *Correspondence: Rua Barata Ribeiro, No 490 Sala 25 – Bela Vista São Paulo – Sp, Brazil Cep: 01309-000 AbstrACt Objective. To review developments in the diagnosis and treatment of urinary lithiasis. MethOds. A review of the most important articles on the subject published in Medline indexed periodicals between 1979 and 2009. Results. Stones occur with...

We consider two styles of proof calculi for a family of tense logics, presented in a formalism based on nested sequents. A nested sequent can be seen as a tree of traditional single-sided sequents. Our first style of calculi is what we call “shallow calculi”, where inference rules are only applied at the root node in a nested sequent. Our shallow calculi are extensions of Kashima’s calculus for...

This paper proves several generic variants of context lemmas and thus contributes to improving the tools for observational semantics of deterministic and non-deterministic higher-order calculi that use a small-step reduction semantics. The generic (sharing) context lemmas are provided for mayas well as two variants of must-convergence, which hold in a broad class of extended processand extended...

This paper develops a series of qualitative spatial calculi that feature topological relations. While most qualitative spatial calculi have targeted spatial relations between single-type objects, our calculi support spatial relations between heterogeneous combinations of objects. Thus, with our calculi, we can disambiguate topological arrangements of objects without regard to the types of the o...

We introduce proper display calculi for basic monotonic modal logic, the conditional logic CK and a number of their axiomatic extensions. These are sound, complete, conservative, enjoy cut elimination subformula property. Our proposal applies multi-type methodology in design calculi, starting from semantic analysis which motivates syntactic translations single-type non-normal logics to normal p...

Higher-order process calculi are calculi in which processes can be communicated. We study the expressiveness of strictly higher-order process calculi, and focus on two issues well-understood for first-order calculi but not in the higher-order setting: synchronous vs. asynchronous communication and polyadic vs. monadic communication. First, and similarly to the first-order setting, synchronous p...

BACKGROUND Urethral calculi are rare and usually encountered in males with urethral pathology. OBJECTIVE To present our experience managing urethral calculi in a resource limited centre and review the literature. METHODS We did a chart review of management of patients with urethral calculi between January and April 2009, at Federal Medical Centre (FMC) Azare, Nigeria. We also reviewed the l...

human papillomavirus (hpv) is one of the most common causes of sexually transmitted diseases worldwide and is the etiological agent of cervical and other anogenital malignancies. since hpvs have been shown to possess oncogenic potential, an association between hpv infection and prostatic cancer (pca) has been suggested. there are conflicting reports on the impact of hpv infection on the develop...