This paper reviews recent investigations into parental involvement. It explores factors that should be considered for measurement, including the measurement of father involvement. It is found that current directions of research on parenting focus on parental identity, division of labour and parenting styles. These directions in research are reviewed. Introduction Parental involvement is importa...

Interim progress in an integrated family planning and community health program instituted in 2 villages in Tanzania, compared to a control village, is presented. The target villages, in Masama and Arusha China, consisting of 10,000 and 8000 people, and the control village of Kisiki with 10,500 were all near Moshi town. The control village was provided with contraceptives, but given no integra...

Any payment which uses mobile device as payment method is called M-payment whether it is proximity or remote and online or point of sale. Since it has been identified that mobile phone is everywhere and everpresent essential consumer device, and could be used for payment offline or online, Mobile payment has been hyped significantly. However early market adoption is facing some challenges and i...

Mobile payment is crucial for, but not limited to mobile commerce. But a role as an established payment system still seems to be a distant prospect for it. In this paper we examine the basic conditions to mobile payment with special regard to the European market. Based on this, we analyze the current deadlock on the mobile payment market in order to develop a set of requirements to an integrati...

The growth of open networks created the interest to commercialise it. The establishment of an electronic business mechanism must be accompanied by a digital – electronic payment system to transfer the value of transactions. Financial organizations are requested to offer a secure e-payment synthesis with equivalent levels of trust and security served in conventional paper-based payment transacti...

Electronic commerce and electronic business greatly need new payment systems that will support their further development. To better understand problems and perspectives of the electronic payment systems this article describes a classification and different characteristic aspects of payment systems. It suggests distinctions between payment systems and mediating systems, and is trying to illustra...

We propose an architecture called InterPay for managing nancial interactions with for-pay digital library services. The approach accommodates multiple payment mechanisms, interaction models, and charging policies. Key components of our model are payment agents and payment capabilities that encapsulate payment policy and the details of payment on behalf of the user. Collection agents and collect...

What are the benefits provided by a payment system? What are the tradeoffs in public versus private payment systems and in restricted versus open payments arrangements? Modern payment systems encompass a variety of institutional designs with varying degrees of counterparty protection. We develop a framework which allows for an examination and comparison of payment systems, and specification of ...

Mobile security and payment are central to m-commerce. The shift from physical to virtual payments has brought enormous benefits to consumers and merchants. For consumers it means ease of use. For mobile operators, mobile payment presents a unique opportunity to consolidate their central role in the m-commerce value chain. Financial organizations view mobile payment and mobile banking as a way ...