ــ ـ ـ The wireless sensor networks suffer from the problem of energy consumption, so it has been used several protocols to avoid this problem, the best of these protocols is a LEACH protocol which works to reduce the energy consumption of the network. On the other hand, LEACH protocol suffers from the problems of accelerated the dead nodes as well as the short duration of the network lifetime....

The Wireless Sensor Network technology has been used widely; however the limited energy resource is one of the bottlenecks for its application. To enhance the robustness and accuracy of the information which is obtained by the entire network, certain redundancy exists in the data collected from the sensor node and thus data fusion processing is needed to reduce the redundant information. Firstl...

Naturally occurring organic materials containing humic acids show a strong affinity towards rare earth elements (REE) and other critical elements. Leaching experiments on lignite coal waste produced from construction sand production revealed that the contained REEs were associated with matter. Furthermore, adsorption studies was capable of extracting model solution increased REE content by more...

<span lang="EN-US">Wireless sensor networks are an innovative and rapidly advanced network occupying the broad spectrum of wireless networks. It works on principle “use with less expense, effort more comfort.” In these networks, routing provides efficient effective data transmission between different sources to access points using clustering technique. This work addresses low-energy adapt...

The limitation of sensors energy make efficiency still a priority issue in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technology. One effort that can be done to overcome this problem is design the right data transmission path (or better known as routing). Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) one most widely used cluster-based routing protocols because it considered capable minimizing amount cons...

In this work, we present as investigation of chalcopyrite leaching under different leach conditions for how liquidation and surface of chalcopyrite study using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to determine the composition of the passivation layer in the surface of chalcopyrite. The study of chalcopyrite dissolution were in H2SO4 solution systems at pH of 1.2, with 5% chalcopyrite concentrate ...

Clustering is an effective topology approach in wireless sensor network, which can increase network lifetime and scalability. Either Node Mobility or Channel fading has a negative impact on various clustering protocol. In case of Node Mobility when all sensor nodes are mobile the current nearest cluster head may be the farthest one for the sensor node when message transmission phase starts. In ...

One of the main challenges of wireless sensor network is how to improve its life time. The limited energy of nodes is the main obstacle. We may overcome this problem by optimizing the nodes' power consumption. A solution is clustering, but optimum clustering of wireless sensor network is an NP-Hard problem. This paper proposes a hybrid algorithm based on Genetic Algorithm and Particle Swarm Opt...

A wireless network consisting of a large number of small sensors with low-power transceivers can be an effective tool for gathering data in a variety of environments. Wireless distributed micro sensor systems will enable the reliable monitoring of a variety of environments for both civil and military applications. In this paper, we look at communication protocols, which can have significant imp...