The essay is framed by the proposition that cities are the frontier spaces for much of what is usually referred to as global governance challenges. It uses the case of asymmetric war to explore the contradictions that arise from this urbanizing – most significantly, the limits of superior military power when war moves to cities and the ways in which this makes powerlessness complex rather than ...

The purpose of this study is to develop a school stressor scale from the events experienced frequently by junior high school students in their daily school life, and to examine the relationship between school stressors and stress responses. In study I, factor analysis of data by 552 students revealed four main factors "teacher", "friend", "club activity", and "study", which were extracted from ...

The effects of attributions for success on the alleviation of mood and performance deficits of clinically depressed inpatients were investigated. Depressed patients were randomly assigned to either an acutely depressed group or an improved depressed group that was exposed to a learned helplessness induction procedure. All subjects received 80% positive feedback on a task allegedly measuring soc...

A child's sense of control over life and health outcomes as well as perceptions of the world as fair, equal, and just are significantly influenced by his or her social experiences and environment. Unfortunately, the social environment for many children of color includes personal and family experiences of racial discrimination that foster perceptions of powerlessness, inequality, and injustice. ...

Control has emerged as an important psychological variable. The purpose of this project was to extend the concept of environmental control to the homeless shelter environment. Data from interviews conducted with residents of a homeless shelter supported the hypothesis that perceived loss of control over the shelter environment would be positively related to giving up on finding a home and emplo...

The attributional reformulation of the learned helplessness model claims that an explanatory style in which bad events are explained by internal, stable, and global causes is associated with depressive symptoms. Furthermore, this style is claimed to be a risk factor for subsequent depression when bad events are encountered. We describe a variety of new investigations of the helplessness reformu...

The state of being helpless is regarded as a central aspect of depression, and therefore the learned helplessness paradigm in rodents is commonly used as an animal model of depression. The term 'learned helplessness' refers to a deficit in escaping from an aversive situation after an animal is exposed to uncontrollable stress specifically, with a control/comparison group having been exposed to ...

Fifteen depressed and 72 nondepressed middle-aged persons were repeatedly assessed over a 1-year period with respect to the thoughts and actions they used in coping in specific stressful episodes. Depressed persons tended to appraise situations as requiring more information in order for them to act, but they were less likely to appraise situations as requiring their acceptance. Overall, the cop...

"Adult entitled dependence" is a condition characterized by the extreme dependence of grown children on their family and by levels of dysfunction, seemingly excessive in light of their apparent capacity to function. The family and the dependent adult become involved in an interaction in which the very attempts to alleviate the problem may aggravate it. Parent-training in nonviolent resistance (...