Upon host penetration, fungal pathogens secrete a plethora of effectors to promote disease, including proteases that degrade plant antimicrobial proteins, and protease inhibitors (PIs) that inhibit plant proteases with antimicrobial activity. Conversely, plants secrete proteases and PIs to protect themselves against pathogens or to mediate recognition of pathogen proteases and PIs, which leads ...

BACKGROUND The construction of prediction intervals (PIs) for future body mass index (BMI) values of individual children based on a recent German birth cohort study with n = 2007 children is problematic for standard parametric approaches, as the BMI distribution in childhood is typically skewed depending on age. METHODS We avoid distributional assumptions by directly modelling the borders of ...

OBJECTIVES To review the approved product information (PI) of prescription medicines to determine the extent and nature of information available on paediatric dosing and the availability of paediatric dosage formulations in Australia. METHODS The PIs for all prescription medicines listed in the Australian Monthly Index of Medical Specialties (MIMS) were reviewed. Dosing information for each P...

a,-Proteinase inhibitors (a,-PIs) are members of the serpin superfamily of proteinase inhibitors, and are important in the maintenance of homeostasis in a wide variety of animal taxa. Previous studies have shown that in mice (genus Mus), evolution of cx,-PIs is characterized by gene amplification, region-specific concerted evolution, and rapid accumulation of amino acid substitutions. The latte...

Visceral leishmaniasis is now recognized as an opportunistic disease in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Although the usefulness of HIV-1 protease inhibitors (PIs) in antiretroviral regimens is well documented, little is known about their potential impact in the setting of Leishmania/HIV-1 coinfections. We now report that, although selected PIs do not inhib...

OBJECTIVES Our objective was to test the hypothesis that the ultrasound pulsing interval (PI), microbubble injection site and microvascular pressure significantly influence the transport of 100-nm microspheres to muscle through extravasation sites created by the destruction of microbubbles with ultrasound. BACKGROUND Microbubbles show promise as targeted drug and gene delivery agents; however...

Background: This study evaluated the performance of the BD ProbeTec Chlamydia trachomatis Q (CTQ) Amplified DNA Assay on the BD Viper System with XTR Technology in a multicenter study. Methods: Specimens were collected at 7 geographically diverse clinical sites from 1538 women and men attending sexually transmitted disease, family planning, and obstetrics and gynecology clinics. There were 1465...

BACKGROUND Aspartic peptidase inhibitors have shown antimicrobial action against distinct microorganisms. Due to an increase in the occurrence of Chagas' disease/AIDS co-infection, we decided to explore the effects of HIV aspartic peptidase inhibitors (HIV-PIs) on Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas' disease. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS HIV-PIs presented an anti-proliferat...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Differences in hippocampal volume (HV) were compared between chronic primary insomniacs (PIs) and good sleepers (GSs), and the relationship between HV and memory function in PIs was investigated to clarify the effect of chronic sleep deprivation on brain structure and cognition. METHODS Twenty PIs (mean age, 50 years; 18 females) and 20 age-, gender-, and education-matc...