The ratio (RMR) is the standard measure of sex differentials in mortality. It is commonly known that the RMR was historically small and increased throughout the 20 th century. However, numerical properties might account for the trend in the RMR rather than sex differences in risk factors. In this study we examine the age pattern of the absolute difference in male to female mortality rates (DMR)...

The field of algorithmic fairness has highlighted ethical questions which may not have purely technical answers. For example, different algorithmic fairness constraints are often impossible to satisfy simultaneously, and choosing between them requires value judgments about which people may disagree. Achieving consensus on algorithmic fairness will be difficult unless we understand why people di...

Recently, interindividual differences in tolerance to shift work have become an increasing interest in chronobiological shift work studies.1) A number of factors have been investigated2) such as sex, age, general health status, quality and quantity of sleep, internal desynchronization between body temperature and sleep-wake cycle, morningness-eveningness, introversion-extroversion, job satisfic...

Alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs) are part of a much larger class of alternative phenotypes that include sex allocation and alternative life histories. We examine the evolution of ARTs by drawing on the much larger base of theory from sex-allocation and life-history evolution. Insights into how alternative tactics evolve (their maintenance in populations, the evolution of their underlying...

Many online marketplaces enjoy great success. Buyers and sellers in successful markets carry out cooperative transactions even if they do not know each other in advance and a moral hazard exists. An indispensable component that enables cooperation in such social dilemma situations is the reputation system. Under the reputation system, a buyer can avoid transacting with a seller with a bad reput...

The distributed genome hypothesis states that the set of genes in a population of bacteria is distributed over all individuals that belong to the specific taxon. It implies that certain genes can be gained and lost from generation to generation. We use the random genealogy given by a Kingman coalescent in order to superimpose events of gene gain and loss along ancestral lines. Gene gains occur ...

Chimpanzee Cultures is an edited volume based on the work of many well known researchers including de Waal, Goodall, McGrew, and Wrangham who have all spent decades studying chimpanzees. The work summarizes material presented at two conferences allowing material from wild and captive studies to be integrated and assessed. As the title of the book suggests this work is focussed on those aspects ...

INTRODUCTION Life course socioeconomic inequalities in heart disease, stroke and all-cause mortality are well studied in Sweden. However, few studies have sought to explain the mechanism for such associations mainly due to lack of longitudinal data with multiple measures of socioeconomic status (SES) across the life course. Given the population health concern about how socioeconomic inequality ...