Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses of seven concatenated fragments of nuclear-encoded housekeeping genes indicate that Lophotrochozoa is monophyletic, i.e., the lophophorate groups Bryozoa, Brachiopoda and Phoronida are more closely related to molluscs and annelids than to Deuterostomia or Ecdysozoa. Lophophorates themselves, however, form a polyphyletic assemblage. The hypothes...

The cephalic and pectoral girdle structures of the pseudopimelodin Batrochoglanis raninus are described and compared to those of a representative of another pseudopimelodin genera, namely Microglanis cottoides, as well as to several other pimelodid and non-pimelodid catfishes, as the foundation for a discussion on the synapomorphies and phylogenetic relationships of the Pseudopimelodinae. Our o...

The complete mitochondrial genome of Tremoctopus violaceus was sequenced to analyze its organization and phylogenetic status within the order Octopoda. T. had a structure similar that other content nucleotides A, C, G, T 31.68 %, 7.71 20.02 40.58 respectively. All protein-coding genes (PCG) began with ATG codon, excluding ND4 ATP6, which ATC ATT, respectively, terminated TAG, TAA, TA, or Codons...

The historical clade “Protorosauria” represents an important group of archosauromorph reptiles that had a wide geographic distribution between the Late Permian and Triassic. “Protorosaurs” are characterized by their long necks, which epitomized in genus Tanystropheus Dinocephalosaurus orientalis . Recent phylogenetic analyses have indicated is polyphyletic clade, but exact relationships various...

The montane agamid species Pseudocalotes austeniana has had a complicated taxonomic history, as the was initially described member of genus Salea Gray, 1845. Later, placed in monotypic Mictopholis Smith, 1935, which erected only to include this species; however, later on transferred Fitzinger, 1843, owing morphological similarities, and lack strong characters diagnose . Nonetheless, its precise...

Abstract Two of the largest subfamilies Crambidae, Pyraustinae and Spilomelinae, have 341 species recorded in Japan, but their natural relationships are poorly understood. We reconstructed a molecular phylogeny based on one mitochondrial (COI) three nuclear genes (CAD, EF1-α, RpS5) for 129 69 genera Spilomelinae 62 27 from Japan. The concatenated data was analyzed by maximum likelihood Bayesian...

Yeasts are a polyphyletic group of ascomycete and basidiomycete fungi characterized by having a unicellular growth phase and sexual stages that are not enclosed in fruiting bodies. An attempt was made to identify yeast species in uncultivated soils collected from different areas of Kermanshah province, Iran, by analyzing hypervariable D1/D2 domain of the large subunit (LSU) rDNA gene sequencean...

Opuntia ficus-indica is a long-domesticated cactus crop that is important in agricultural economies throughout arid and semiarid parts of the world. The biogeographic and evolutionary origins of this species have been obscured through ancient and widespread cultivation and naturalization. The origin of O. ficus-indica is investigated through the use of Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of nrITS DN...