Wind-pollinated plants reproduce by capturing pollen suspended in the air. Pollen grains are electrostatically charged and electric fields are present around plants due to the ambient fair weather electric field. A charged airborne particle in an electric field experiences an electrostatic force equal to the product of its charge and the electric field at its location. Consequently, electrostat...

`Kent' mango (Mangifera indica L.) ̄owers were sampled in an orchard in the coastal plain of Israel during the 1997 ̄owering season. Effective pollination rate was determined at two stages of the fertilization process: (a) pollen germination on the stigma; (b) pollen-tube penetration into the ovule. Pollination rates were negligible during the ®rst part of the ̄owering season (31 March to 18 Ap...

Since the advent over 30 years ago of recombinant DNA technologies giving rise to genetically engineered organisms (often called GMOs), gene escape from such transgenic organisms has been a consistent and legitimate concern. Initially, the fear of GM microbes escaping and wreaking ecological havoc on the biosphere generated both well funded scientific analyses of the actual threat, and fueled s...

The successful establishment of angiosperms on land is in part determined by their floral design. Because plants cannotmove to find the idealmate, they have developed agreat variety of flowers to provide different mechanisms of pollen release, pollen transfer, and deposition of the pollen from the male to the female sexual organs, the anther and the pistil, respectively. Pollination ensures the...

Palynology is the study of pollen, in particular, pollen’s grain type, but tasks classification and counting pollen grains are highly skilled laborious. Despite efforts made during last decades, manual process still predominant. One reasons for that small number taxa usually used previous approaches. In this paper, we propose a new method to automatically classify using state-of-the-art deep le...

We investigated the basis for fruit drop in walnut (Juglans regia L.) following bloom period applications of streptomycin as a potential control treatment for walnut blight, a bacterial disease incited by Xanthomonas campestris pv. juglandis (Pierce) Dye. Experiments were conducted on streptomycin-treated field plots of ‘Vina’ walnut. Four streptomycin treatments were applied at different times...