Abstract Three key characteristics of effective electoral mobilizers have been identified in the literature: reputation, embeddedness local community, and ability to reward sanction voters. Religious leaders may possess all these characteristics. Can they favor their preferred candidates? Using a novel data set connections between politicians Italian Catholic bishops throughout twentieth centur...

In a nation, citizens do not perceive political party in the same way. Some view it negatively, whereas others hold positive attitudes towards it. It is case for UPRONA Burundi, central Africa. This research paper has been written around problem which summarized this initial question: “How Ngozi town elites 2021?” question was put because researcher had aim of discovering extent to those apprec...

Since the lifting of martial law in 1987, for the past 20 years, Taiwan has been riding on the global wave of democratization. In place of single-party dominance by the Kuomintang (KMT) over 50 years, a genuine system of party politics and contested elections gradually took root, with the Democratic Progressive Party’s (DPP) victory in the 2000 presidential election as the climax. Past scholars...

This paper has two main goals. First, it illuminates continuities between the ideas of “true Romanian-ness” as held by both the Romanian cultural elite and the Romanian political regimes in the interwar and communist periods. A manufactured definition of a “true” Romanian—as a Romanian Orthodox Christian, natively Romanian-speaking, and ethnically Romanian—formed the core of Romanian nationalis...