Aquatic invasive species (AIS) can cause catastrophic damages to lake ecosystems. Bigheaded carp are one such that pose a current threat Lake Michigan. expected have spatially differentiated impacts on other aquatic in the metapopulation. Policymakers must decide how much invest mitigation or conservation policies, if at all, by understanding invasions impact social welfare wellbeing. Estimates...

This paper offers a simple, tractable post-Keynesian model, which highlights the importance of structural change and productive development in defining dynamics Real Exchange Rate (RER) foreign debt small open developing economy. The argument is that countries keep capital account rely on austerity policies to induce notional surplus Balance Payment, RER can hardly be used as tool aimed at smoo...

We study the implications of economies of party size in a model of party formation. We show that when the policy space is one-dimensional, candidates form at most two parties. This result does not depend on the magnitude of the economies of party size or sensitively on the nature of the individuals' preferences. It does depend on our assumptions that the policy space is one-dimensional and that...

Feedback into the broader policy debate in macroeconomic and related structural areas remains limited. However, when a more informed debate and broadening of the policy space did take place on these issues, the policy outcome was generally positive. In contrast, when controversial issues involving difficult trade-offs were avoided during the PRS process, the consequences for “downstream” polici...

This paper presents the first actor-critic algorithm for o↵-policy reinforcement learning. Our algorithm is online and incremental, and its per-time-step complexity scales linearly with the number of learned weights. Previous work on actor-critic algorithms is limited to the on-policy setting and does not take advantage of the recent advances in o↵policy gradient temporal-di↵erence learning. O↵...