Over a million people in the United States are employed in private security and law enforcement, yet very little is known about the effects of private police on crime. The current study examines the relationship between a privately funded university police force and crime in a large US city. Following an expansion of the jurisdictional boundary of the private police force, we see no short-term ...

In New YorkCity from 1971 to 1975, only 1.6 per cent of all police firearms discharges involved the class of people police have since come to call emo tionally disturbed persons (EDPs). Still, because po lice were comparatively unrestrained in those years, the number of such incidents was quite large: 46, or better than 9 per year.1 In theyears since then, police shootings have declined dramati...

In a crime analytics bureau, a police officer logs in to see what alerts have been posted by social media software designed to spot potential threats within the billions of daily online tweets, pins, likes, and posts. On the street, a police officer uses his body-worn camera to scan a crowd; the feed is sent in real time back to the department where facial recognition and movement analysis soft...

Police and law enforcement providers frequently come in contact with individuals who have psychiatric disorders. Repeated studies suggest that greater understanding of psychiatric conditions by police officers would be beneficial. However, few training approaches have been examined. We present a novel approach to training police officers to interact with those who may have a psychiatric disorde...

Citizens and immigrant minorities come into contact with the police in various circumstances, either as witnesses, victims of crime, or even as suspects. The present study is an attempt to examine issues concerning racism and discrimination in police/immigrant relations in Finland under this circumstances, which to our knowledge has not received the academic scholastic investigation it deserves...

Stress is an inevitable part of police personnel. The purpose of this research is to identify causes of stress and also empirically investigate the socio-demographic factors affecting stress level among police personnel. Multistage random sampling method was employed to select a sample 65 police personnel in Aligarh (Uttar Pradesh). Findings revealed that political pressure, lack of time for fa...

This paper aimed to analyze the spatial distribution of drug-related police interventions and the neighborhood characteristics influencing these spatial patterns. To this end, police officers ranked each census block group in Valencia, Spain (N = 552), providing an index of drug-related police interventions. Data from the City Statistics Office and observational variables were used to analyze n...

This paper presents a new method for determining efficient spatial distributions of police patrol areas. This method employs a traditional maximal covering formulation and an innovative backup covering formulation to provide alternative optimal solutions to police decision makers, and to address the lack of objective quantitative methods for police area design in the literature or in practice. ...

While police levels may affect crime, governments may react to crime by increasing police levels. The instrumental variables (IV) approach to this problem has proven difficult due to the problem of locating instruments for police levels. Using panel data from over 5000 cities (1990–2001), we instrumented police levels with two types of federal law enforcement grants, thus yielding over-identifi...

OBJECTIVES To conduct a community survey to estimate the degree to which road traffic injuries (RTIs) are under reported and to compare the characteristics of RTI reported to the police to those not reported. DESIGN A cross-sectional population-based study. SETTING Kandy district, Sri Lanka. PARTICIPANTS RTIs and deaths during the preceding 12 months were identified through a community-ba...