Recent population declines to the high elevation western North America foundation species whitebark pine, have been driven by the synergistic effects of the invasive blister rust pathogen, mountain pine beetle (MPB), fire exclusion, and climate change. This has led to consideration for listing whitebark pine (WBP) as a threatened or endangered species under the Endangered Species Act, which has...

The effects of irrigation and planting pattern on wheat in field conducted at Taian, northern China during 2011-12. The experiments consisted of two planting patterns (single and double rows) and two irrigation levels (0 and 180 mm) resulting in the same plant density (200 × 10 plant/ha). Each experiment plot was 3 m × 3 m in size and replicated thrice in split-plot design. During course of stu...

A field inoculation method was developed to produce Meloidogyne spp. infestation sites with minimal quantities of nematode inoculum and with a reduced labor requirement compared to previous techniques. In a preseason-methyl bromidefumigated site, nematode egg suspensions were delivered at concentrations of 0 or 10(x) eggs/m of row where x = 2.12, 2.82, 3.52, or 4.22 through a drip line attached...

This paper introduces a synchronized arc routing problem for snow plowing operations. In this problem, routes must be designed in such a way that street segments with two or more lanes in the same direction are plowed simultaneously by different synchronized vehicles. A mixed integer formulation and an adaptive large neighborhood search heuristic are proposed. The performance of the proposed al...

Abstract Unless supported by agricultural mechanization, achieving sustainable development goals is generally challenging in sub-Saharan African countries, specifically so Ethiopia. Animal power the dominant mode for plowing, threshing, and transportation Ethiopia yet, at same time little effort was employed to assess subsistence farmer’s tractor demand study area. This conducted understand pre...

Introduction Direct energy expenses (diesel, gasoline, propane, electricity) total more than $1 billion annually for Iowa farmers. Farm management techniques such as adjusting tractor gear and throttle settings or reducing tillage depths can reduce diesel fuel consumption for row crop production. This study is being conducted over multiple years to measure the effects of energy management techn...

the split-block experimental design with three replications was used to study the effect of subsoiling in different distances from drain axison soil salinity,and wheat yield. the measurements included soil cone index, soil bulkdensity, infiltration rate and electrical conductivity of saturated extract. each treatment was composed of two factors. the main factors consisted of 3 different distanc...