The aim of this study was to develop an optimal sustainable forest plantation based on goal programming and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) methods. This study was carried out in Guilan province, north of Iran. First of all, the ecological capability of the study area for plantation establishment/maintenance was evaluated based on multi-factor method and specific ecological Makhdoum Model by ...

the optimum road spacing has been studied by many researches. it is an important step of forest road network planning. the goals of this study are determining the optimum road spacing in kheiroudkenar forest of nowshahr in northern iran and study of effect of kind of skidder on skidding cost and road spacing. continues time study method was used to determine the production rate of taf and timbe...

Increasing urbanisation and industrialisation have led to a dramatic reduction in forest area, and now only culturally protected remnants of natural forests and some new plantations remain in most areas of the north of Iran. To investigate the status of the chemical and physical characteristics of soil under these remnant forests and assess the possible impacts of reforestation on soil properti...

Laminar natural convection from an array of horizontal isothermal cylinders confined between two vertical walls, at low Rayleigh numbers, is investigated by theoretical and numerical methods. The height of the walls is kept constant, however, number of the cylinders and their spacing, the distance between the walls and Rayleigh number have been varied. The optimal spacing (confining walls) and ...

Questions: Is the introduced timber species Fraxinus uhdei invasive in Hawai‘i? Has logging disturbance facilitated the spread of Fraxinus and other alien species? Location: Windward Mauna Kea, island of Hawai‘i. Methods: We surveyed 29 plots which were established before selective logging of the native tree Acacia koa in 1971 to determine if Fraxinus spread beyond the borders of an existing pl...

The Canterbury Plains in the eastern South Island is one of the most modified regions of New Zealand with less than 2% of indigenous vegetation cover remaining. The critically endangered ground beetle Holcaspis brevicula Butcher, a local endemic known only from a small area in that region, is thought to be threatened by the loss and fragmentation of the formerly widespread forest and shrubland ...

The conservationist community is giving special attention to epigean insects due to their importance in the preservation of terrestrial habitats. This work analysed the diversity, richness, abundance and similarity at the soil surface of Coleoptera composition among five environments: native forest, native grassland, Pinus elliottii plantation, Eucalyptus saligna plantation and degraded area by...

This essay is a commentary on plantation archaeology inspired by a recent article by William H. Adams and Sarah Jane Boling (1989). By asking what is the use of plantation archaeology, this author does not mean to reject this increasingly popular archaeological enterprise. Rather, the purpose is to provoke serious reflection on two issues: (1) the reasons for doing plantation archaeology and (2...

Varying densities of the spring generation of the hemlock woolly adelgid were manipulated on 16 previously uninfested eastern hemlocks in an open-field plantation in Massachusetts. In contrast to experimentally created hemlock woolly adelgid populations in a forest, as reported previously, there was no evidence of density-dependent survival on a tree-wide basis in the plantation in the spring (...