Pituitary adenomas, as the majority of pituitary neoplasms, are typically benign, slow-growing tumors that arise from cells in the pituitary gland. Those are classified based on secretory products. The functioning (endocrine-active) tumors include almost 70% of pituitary tumors which produce 1 or 2 hormones that are measurable in the serum and cause definite clinical syndromes, that are classif...

Total sleep deprivation (TSD) exerts strong modulatory effects on the secretory activity of endocrine systems that might be related to TSD-induced challenges of cerebral glucose metabolism. Here, we investigate whether TSD affects the course of male pituitary-gonadal and pituitary-thyroid axis related hormones during a subsequent 240-min hypoglycemic clamp. Ten healthy men were tested on 2 diff...

In most vertebrates, production of reproductive hormones wanes with age, co-occurring with a decline in reproductive output. Measurement of these hormones can serve as a key marker of the onset of reproductive senescence. Longitudinal studies of physiological parameters in populations of free-living animals are relatively uncommon; however, we have monitored baseline concentrations of hormones ...

Klinefelter syndrome is a genetic disease in males (1 per 1000 newborns) due to the presence of doubled X chromosome karyotype (47XXY karyotype), most common cause primary hypogonadism. It characterized by polymorphism clinical manifestations, which are male infertility, obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, osteopenia and osteoporosis. Clinical variability leads development as...

Adenylate cyclase responses to pituitary hormones including adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), biogenetic amines, prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), angiotensin II, and glucagon were evaluated in adrenocortical tumors and hyperplastic adrenal tissues, obtained from patients with Cushing's syndrome at surgery, and in normal adrenals. The adenylate cyclase of two normal adrenals was activated only by ACTH...

Thyroid gland is an essential endocrine that present in the human body. This review highlights production, regulation and disease conditions of thyroid hormones. The controlled with help hypothalamus pituitary brain. production hormones involves five main steps such synthesis thyroglobulin (TG), iodide uptake, iodination thyroglobulin, storage release. two important produced by are Thyroxine (T...

Abstract Pituitary hormones are responsible for the regulation of growth, development, metabolism, reproduction, and homeostasis. Hypopituitarism is a condition that defined as partial or complete insufficiency anterior pituitary hormone secretion, rarely, posterior secretion. This can result from diseases gland hypothalamus. The annual incidence hypopituitarism has been estimated to be 4.2 per...

Both excess and deficiency of the hormones of the pituitary gland are known to influence the action of insulin. To demonstrate such effects surviving isolated tissue in vitro as well as the intact animal has been used. For example, an excess of pituitary hormone caused by pituitary hyperfunction or by injection of pituitary preparations in the intact animal results in an increased resistance to...