OBJECTIVES To evaluate exposure to lead and other metals from drinking water as a result of the materials used for pipes in the supply areas of the Basque Country (Spain). METHOD Random sampling of properties in the supply areas was carried out. A total of 3,295 samples were taken in 154 areas, which together represented 87% of the properties supplied in our region. A method known as random d...

Cause & Effect (C&E) analysis for process plants is one of the tasks associated with Process Control Engineering (PCE). With the availability of electronic Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams (P&IDs), a Computer-Aided tool is developed to carry out the analysis automatically by encoding knowledge related to PCE in rules so that they can be applied to a given set of P&IDs to produce the correspo...

The corrugated metal gasket is still in the early stages of development. However, contact flanges with a high surface roughness (more than 3.5 µm) leak and require lot force to tighten. A nickel or copper-coated was designed. water pressure test used measure leaks, results revealed that copper-covered gaskets performed better. effect temperature has not been explored this study, which only reve...

The present study focuses on developing a cost function for pump-pipelines system with emitters randomly distributed along the pipelines. The objective function is based on the capital cost of the piping system, pumps and the cost of energy required to operate the system. Employing the least annual cost principle to obtain the optimal diameter of each pipe leads to a nonlinear system of equatio...

In piping the defects play a key role for determining the life of component. Also the risk for pipe failure combined to the defects has to be taken into account. In this study thermal dynamic load has been applied to austenitic material (Aisi 304) in order to introduce dynamic behaviour into the crack. The studied crack (~20 mm ! 7 mm) has been produced by thermal fatigue in advance. Different ...

Cohen, Alexander J. M.S., Purdue University, December 2014. Using Individual-based Modeling to Explore How Environmental and Anthropogenic Factors Impact Piping Plover Breeding Success. Major Professor: Patrick A. Zollner. The Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus) is an intensively managed shorebird species which breeds in part along the Atlantic Coast. Major threats to Piping Plovers include habi...

Plastic piping made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and chlorinated PVC (CPVC), is being increasingly used for drinking water distribution lines. Given the formulation of the material from vinyl chloride (VC), there has been concern that the VC (a confirmed human carcinogen) can leach from the plastic piping into drinking water. PVC/CPVC pipe reactors in the laboratory and tap samples collected fr...