Trees transport water from roots to crown—a height that can exceed 100 m. The physics of tree hydraulics can be conveyed with simple fluid dynamics based upon the Hagen–Poiseuille equation and Murray’s law. Here the conduit structure is modelled as conical pipes and as branching pipes. The force required to lift sap is generated mostly by transpiration or capillary action; we investigate the ef...

We examine the impact of shareholder litigation on short selling ahead private investments in public equity (PIPEs). find that PIPE issuers incurred securities class action lawsuits prior to are shorted more heavily issue. The case status at date, severity lawsuit, and timing placement after event also affect extent activity PIPEs. Consistent with hedging incentives, effects pronounced PIPEs wh...

Several millions of kilometres of pipes and cables are buried beneath our streets in the UK. As they are not visible and easily accessible, the monitoring of their integrity as well as the quality of their contents is a challenge. Any information of these properties aids the utility owners in their planning and management of their maintenance regime. Traditionally, expensive and very localised ...

This paper summarizes a principle for measurement of inner diameter or profile of pipes and tubes using optical method. Based on this principle, compact probes have been developed for industrial applications such as car industry, heavy industry and civil engineering. In addition to large probes for pipes, tubes and tank-like objects with diameter larger than 1meter, such small size probes as 5m...

Active networks allow customized processing of data traffic within the network which can be used by applications to improve the quality of their sessions. To simplify the development of active applications in a heterogeneous environment, we propose “active pipes” as a programming abstraction to specify transmission and processing requirements. We describe how an active pipe can be mapped onto n...

This paper investigates how friendship relationships act as pipes, prisms, and herding signals in a large online, peer-to-peer (P2P) lending site. By analyzing decisions of lenders, we find that friends of the borrower, especially close offline friends, act as financial pipes by lending money to the borrower. On the other hand, the prism effect of friends’ endorsements via bidding on a loan neg...

This letter presents a series of vibrational communication experiments, using time reversal, conducted on a set of cast iron pipes. Time reversal has been used to provide robust, private, and clean communications in many underwater acoustic applications. Here the use of time reversal to communicate along sections of pipes and through a wall is demonstrated to overcome the complications of dispe...

An analytical model is developed for the startup transient of asymmetrical flat-plate and diskshaped heat pipes. The model solves the proper transient heat conduction equations for the heat pipe wall and liquid-wick regions. A quasi-steady state, pseudo three-dimensional approximation is used for the vapor transi’ent behavior. The heat transfer within the wall and liquid-wick regions is coupled...

Thermal management of electronics semiconductor technology is elixir to transform dream and imagination of the designers into reality. Motivation and need for research in development of novel cooling strategies for modern electronics is of paramount importance. Pulsating Heat Pipes, a novel research topic in heat pipe science, are new two-phase heat transfer devices that rely on the oscillatory...