The chlorine reaction kinetics within a distribution system is affected by the reactions occurring in the bulk flow in a pipe and at the pipe wall. The field determination of parameters governing the wall reactions of a pipe is difficult and hence these are a product of calibration. The autocalibration of a chlorine transport model consists of estimating these unknown parameters by comparing th...

Arc-shaped forceps are important in pharyngeal cancer surgery, endoscopic sinus surgery, and single port surgery. Rotating the gripper of an arc-shaped forceps with respect to its shaft axis can improve the manipulability of the forceps. Concentric pipe structures consisting of inner and outer pipes are often used for this purpose. The inner pipe transmits rotations from its proximal end to dis...

Numerical optimization methods offer a powerful new technology for pump users when combined with pumping system analysis software. Whether the design goal is to reduce first costs or life-cycle costs, this technology promises to significantly reduce pumping system costs and energy usage. Optimization methods work by automatically selecting pipe and pump sizes to minimize cost. Design engineers ...

This study aims to propose an analysis method for resolving the pressure response of a pneumatic brake circuit considering the effect of a transmission pipe. Pneumatic brake systems (PBS) are widely used in commercial vehicles. The pressure response characteristic of the PBS is the key factor affecting braking performance. By using the thermodynamics of a variable-quality system, the pressure r...

The functioning of the first type, the flue or labial pipe, was already investigated within previous extensive research projects. The second pipe type, the reed pipe, is less often installed in pipe organs, and only little research was done in this field so far. This is why this pipe type is now the focus of research of the working group ‚Musical Acoustics ‘ at the Fraunhofer Institute for Buil...

This work aimed to determine the influence of different chlorine doses to inactivate of Listeria monocytogenes biofilm cells collected from six types of pipe materials, which are commonly used in household at different biofilm ages. A laboratory-scale simulated distribution system, that consists of a design based on six different pipe materials which are: polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polypropylene...

Leaks are major problem that occur in the water pipelines all around the world. Several reports indicate loss of around 20 to 30 percent of water in the distribution of water through water pipe systems. Such loss of water represents critical waste of valuable resources, especially in countries such as Saudi Arabia where water is scarce. Moreover, leaks provide pathways for outside contaminants ...

When gas or oil pipelines must be laid through sand or permafrost or other unstable soils, the pipe walls can he subjected to large bending loads if the soil shifts. In order to detect this condition and correct it, it would be useful to monitor the state of stress along the pipeline'at regular time intervals using a vehicle that is moved through the line by the fluid or gas in it. The experime...

The electroma.gnetic, noncontact transducer (EMAT) is particularly well suited to ultrasonic inspec~ tion problems where it is difficult or impossible to couple the sound into the object being tested ~ through a liquid or grease layer. For inspecting buried natural gas pipelines, the inspection process must be carried out by a self contained instrument package blown through the pipe by the gas ...