Prediction of service life of ductile iron pipe is carried out using the information on pipe condition, backfill/soil properties, and corrosion rates, as well as historical failure records. Among the factors that affect pipe condition, external pitting corrosion is a prominent variable contributing to the disintegrity of the pipe. A pipe scanner equipped with a laser displacement sensor was use...

OBJECTIVES The objectives of this analysis were to identify the sociodemographic characteristics of water-pipe users in a North American context and to describe concurrent psychoactive substance use. METHODS Data on sociodemographic characteristics, water-pipe smoking, and use of other psychoactive substances were collected in 2007 through mailed self-report questionnaires completed by 871 yo...

Abstract The combination of meaning-bearing units (e.g., words ) into higher-order structures compound and phrases) is integral to human language. Despite this central role syntax in language, little known about its evolutionary progression. Comparative data using animal communication systems offer potential insights, but only a handful species have been identified combine meaningful calls toge...

in this paper, nonlinear vibration and instability response of an embedded pipe conveying viscose fluid is investigated. the pipe is considered as a timoshenko beam embedded on an elastic foundation which is simulated by spring constant of the winkler-model and the shear constant of the pasternak-model. the external flow force, acting on the beam in the direction of the flexural displacement is...