Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill) was once the main southern pine species found throughout the southeastern United States, encompassing approximately 38 million hectares (6). After nearly complete destruction of the longleaf pine ecosystem, restoration efforts in recent years have caused resurgence in the planting of longleaf pine on many state and federal lands (14). Many factors have signi...

Exotic tree pathogens can cause devastating ecological effects on forests that can be exacerbated when infections increase the likelihood of attack by insects. Current high rates of mortality of whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis Engelm.) are due to white pine blister rust caused by the exotic fungus, Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fisch, and the native mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hop...

115 Eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) was often associated with oaks (Quercus spp.) on upland sites in presettlement forests of the upper Great Lakes region, but widespread logging and subsequent fires in the late 1800s converted these upland sites to fire-tolerant oak forests. Although white pine regeneration is occurring in these second-growth oak forests, white pine regeneration patterns...

Say that a cone is a commutative monoid that is in addition conical, i.e., satisfies x+y=0 ⇒ x=y=0. We show that cones (resp. simple cones) of many kinds order-embed or even embed unitarily into refinement cones (resp. simple refinement cones) of the same kind, satisfying in addition various divisibility conditions. We do this in particular for all cones, or for all separative cones, or for all...

Population reduction and disturbances may alter dispersal, mating patterns and gene flow. Rather than taking the common approach of comparing different populations or sites, here we studied gene flow via wind-mediated effective pollen dispersal on the same plant individuals before and after a fire-induced population drop, in a natural stand of Pinus halepensis. The fire killed 96% of the pine t...

in this paper, using clarke’s generalized directional derivative and di-invexity we introduce new concepts of nonsmooth k-α-di-invex and generalized type i univex functions over cones for a nonsmooth vector optimization problem with cone constraints. we obtain some sufficient optimality conditions and mond-weir type duality results under the foresaid generalized invexity and type i cone-univexi...

BACKGROUND Several cases of pine nut allergies and anaphylaxis have been reported in the literature, but only few pine nut allergens have been characterized. The aim of this research is to identify through immunoelectrophoretic techniques the major pine nut allergens in a group of children monosensitized to pine nuts. METHODS We studied five children with pine nut allergies and no other sensi...

Etiological studies to determine the cause of decline and death of Pinus spp. in Delaware were initiated in 1980. The pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, was found to be the major canse of mortality in Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii). When inoculated into healthy 5-yr-old Japanese black pines, B. xylophilus produced typical decline symptoms observed in the field. The xylophilo...

(ed. B.P. Singh) 427 pine (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii). Of note, the former two are also considered to be species of concern for conservation (Erickson et al., 2012) due to long-standing land management practices that have favoured loblolly pine. Similarly to loblolly pine, although on a smaller scale, slash pine has been widely planted and managed for wood and fibre production. Because of ...