Background: Melasma is a common pigmentary disorder which presents with brown coloured macules that occurs around the sun-exposed areas of skin, particularly on face. Many treatment modalities are present but often it resistant to treatment. The aim our study was compare therapeutic efficacy and safety tranexamic acid administered by oral topical route in patients melasma. Methods: Our prospect...

BACKGROUND Vitiligo is a commonly encountered pigmentary disorder. Numerous studies and investigations from all over the world have attempted to determine the mechanisms behind this disease; however, the pathogenesis of vitiligo remains elusive. OBJECTIVE n this comprehensive review article, we present the findings behind the five overarching theories of what causes this disfiguring and psych...

Lichen planus pigmentosus (LPP) is chronic pigmentary disorder that shows diffuse or reticulated hyperpigmented, dark brown macules on the sun-exposed areas such as the face, neck and other flexural folds. Clinically, it is different from classical lichen planus because LPP has a longer clinical course and it manifests with dark brown macules. In case of LPP, involvement of the scalp, nail or m...

Waardenburg syndrome (WS) is a rare, autosomal dominant disorder characterized by sensorineural hearing loss, pigmentary disturbances of the skin, hair, and iris, and other developmental defects such as lateral displacement of both medial canthi and lacrimal puncta called dystopia canthorum. While mutations of the PAX3 (paired box) gene have been identified in about 99% of WS type 1 cases, WS t...

Waardenburg syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder characterised by sensorineural hearing loss, pigmentary abnormalities of iris, hair and skin and dystopia canthorum. The expression of clinical findings of Waardenburg syndrome is extremely variable. The potential sources of this variability include allelic variation, genetic heterogeneity, epistatic modifying genes and stochastic effects. ...

Background: Vitiligo is a chronic, idiopathic, acquired pigmentary disorder which is characterized by depigmented patches on skin and mucous membranes. It affects approximately % 0.1-8.8 of the population. Different hypotheses are concerning to explain etiopathogenesis. Nowadays several studies have been keeping up about oxidative stress in vitiligo etiology. Oxidative stress is the result of o...

I briefly review CP violation in the B system, concentrating on B → πK decays. I discuss how to deal with electroweak-penguin contributions to these decays using flavour SU(3). With these, I show that the entire unitarity triangle can be extracted from measurements of B → πK decays. Finally, I examine the signals for new physics in these decays and the possibilities for measuring them. talk giv...