We investigate the spectrum of physical states in the W 3 string theory, up to level 2 for a multi-scalar string, and up to level 4 for the two-scalar string. The (open) W 3 string has a photon as its only massless state. By using screening charges to study the null physical states in the two-scalar W 3 string, we are able to learn about the gauge symmetries of the states in the multi-scalar W ...

In this study, confined impinging liquid jets are used to produce nanoparticles of carbamazepine (CBZ). The effect of operating parameters, such as the kind of solvent,CBZ concentration, flow rate of solution and antisolvent on particle size, are experimentally investigated. The Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM) photomicrographs show that nanodrug with smaller particle is achievable by usi...

The following framework of theses, roughly hewn, shapes contemporary discussion of the problem of mental causation: (1) Non-Identity of the Mental and the Physical Mental properties and states cannot be identified with specific physical properties and states. (2) Causal Closure (Completeness) of the Physical The objective probability of every physical event is fixed by prior physical events and...

Commentary The enormous burden of ill health caused by overweight and obesity is well understood, particularly in developed countries like the United States, which have seen massive increases in prevalence over the last few decades [1]. Most recently the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2010 reported that high body mass index (BMI) is now the third-leading cause of il...

The constraint imposed by Gauss' law is used to show that the matrix elements of n-point Wightman Functions of gluon field and quark current operators at different space time points vanish when taken between physical states. – 2 – 1. Introduction. Christ and Lee[1,2] have warned against the common practice of starting from a formal path integral approach prior to choosing a gauge. In fact, for ...

Abstract The notion of semi-classical states is first sharpened by clarifying two issues that appear to have been overlooked in the literature. Systems with linear and quadratic constraints are then considered and the group averaging procedure is applied to kinematical coherent states to obtain physical semi-classical states. In the specific examples considered, the technique turns out to be su...

It is well-known that eliminating repeated states is essential for efficient search of state-space AND-OR graphs. The same technique has been found useful for searching beliefstate AND-OR graphs, which arise in nondeterministic partially observable planning problems and in partially observable games. Whereas physical states are viewed by search algorithms as atomic and admit only equality tests...

In a discrete form of the second quantization, the gauge independencies of all the physical states including vacuum in QED are restudied through a new approach. We also discuss an interesting phenomenon attributed to vacuum effect and come up with a procedure to produce general physical states. PACS: 03.65.Db, 12.70.Ds

We study the vacuum structure in free QED utilizing the technic of the second quantization. There is argument of the gauge independence of physical states in the paper. We give an effect characterizing the second quantization. How to produce general physical states is also shown.