the superficial strata of ground have been perennially exposed to the action of natural agents such as heat, cold and water. however, grazing agent was not different from them when soils were investigated from temperate rangelands of kashmir and caused the soil compaction, soil structure degradation and loss of soil organic c and c/n ratio. soils from three grazing intensities were investigated...

Coals have many structural features such as aromaticity, various oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur functional groups, covalent and noncovalent cross-links, physical associations, and several surface structural features that determine physical properties and reactivities. Many characterization techniques have been applied to coals, and new techniques such as solid state C NMR are being refined. Howev...

The physico-chemical properties of water and sediments therein were analyzed for assessing the suitability of Siddheshwar dam (India) waters for irrigation purpose. The physical parameters include total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity. The chemical parameters studied include pH, free carbon dioxide, total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness, phenolphthalein alkalinity, t...

in this research, the physico-chemical water quality parameters and the effect of climate changes onwater quality is evaluated. during the observation period (5 months) physico-chemical parameterssuch as water temperature, turbidity, saturated oxygen, dissolved oxygen, ph, chlorophyll-a, salinity,conductivity, and concentration of total nitrogen (nutrient level) as main pollutant factor have be...

Different polymer formulations possess unique chemical, physical, and mechanical properties. Small variations in the structure of a given polymer formulation can significantly change its characteristics, resulting in new functions and applications. For example, polyvinyl alcohol is a water-soluble synthetic polymer made by alcoholysis of polyvinyl acetate. Its chemical and physical properties d...

In order to assess the status of the volume and composition of the body fluid compartment, the kidney monitors a wide variety of chemical and physical parameters. It has recently become clear that the kidney's sensory capacity extends well beyond its ability to sense ion concentrations in the forming urine. The kidney also keeps track of organic metabolites derived from a surprising variety of ...

The formulation scientist’s key goal is to achieve long-term stability of a drug compound. In the case of protein drugs, stabilization means not only maintaining the native chemical structure, but the native secondary and higher order structures necessary for biological activity (Cleland et al., 1993; Manning et al., 1989). Denaturation, as it is defined in this context, will be any non-native ...