Sir Karl Popper is well known for explicating science in falsificationist terms, for which his degree of corroboration formalism, C(h,e,b), has become little more than a symbol. For example, de Queiroz and Poe in this issue argue that C(h,e,b) reduces to a single relative (conditional) probability, p(e,hb), the likelihood of evidence e, given both hypothesis h and background knowledge b, and in...

OBJECTIVE Consciousness is often thought to be that aspect of mind that is least amenable to being understood or replicated by artificial intelligence (AI). The first-personal, subjective, what-it-is-like-to-be-something nature of consciousness is thought to be untouchable by the computations, algorithms, processing and functions of AI method. Since AI is the most promising avenue toward artifi...

During the thirteenth century, the Jews in southern France (called “Provence” in Hebrew sources) experienced a cultural revolution. Following the arrival of Maimonides’ writings and the translation of his Guide of the Perplexed into Hebrew, a very distinctive tradition of philosophy and exegesis was developed. Basic works of Graeco-Arabic and Arabic philosophy were translated into Hebrew, in re...

Choosing an appropriate research strategy is difficult. It requires a deep and honest reflection of one’s own beliefs. It requires commitment to the relationship between the philosophical trinity, the research paradigm, and the research methodology or methodologies. The philosophical trinity answers the questions ‘What exists?’, ‘How do I know?’, and ‘What is valuable? This paper argues that th...

§0. AlonzoChurch’s contributions to philosophy and to thatmost philosophical part of logic, intensional logic, are impressive indeed. He wrote relatively few papers actually devoted to specifically philosophical issues, as distinguished from related technical work in logic. Many of his contributions appear in reviews for The Journal of Symbolic Logic, and it can hardly be maintained that one fi...

Since its introduction, multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA), or “neural decoding”, has 7 transformed the field of cognitive neuroscience. Underlying its influence is a crucial inference, 8 which we call the Decoder’s Dictum: if information can be decoded from patterns of neural 9 activity, then this provides strong evidence about what information those patterns represent. 10 Although the Dictu...

Epidemiology aims to study patterns of disease and of the factors affecting these patterns within a well-defined conceptual or philosophical framework. Epidemiological investigations can be grouped into four broad categories: Observational epidemiology, experimental epidemiology, natural experiments, and Theoretical epidemiology. Several types study designs and measures of relationship are used...