Although there is an increase of performance in DSPs, due to its nature of execution a DSP could not perform high-speed data processing on a continuous data stream. In this paper we discuss the hardware implementation of the amplitude and phase detector and the validation block on a FPGA. Contrary to the software implementation which can only process data stream as high as 1.5 MHz, the hardware...

Synchronisation algorithms for carrier phase recovery and symbol timing in a medium-rate QAM modem are presented. Decision directed (DD) methods that use 1 sample per symbol period are presented. New results are presented to show the eeect of decision errors in the phase detector. The performance of phase and timing estimators is shown when both phase and time oosets are present, and loop conve...

There is an association between occupational exposure to hair dyes and incidence of cancers. Permanent oxidant hair dyes are consisted of many chemical components including ortho-phenylenediamines. To clarify the mechanism of carcinogenesis by hair dyes, we examined DNA damage induced by mutagenic ortho-phenylenediamine (o-PD) and its derivatives, 4-chloro-ortho-phenylenediamine (Cl-PD) and 4-n...

PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the regional spontaneous brain activity changes in primary dysmenorrhea (PD) patients in different phases of the menstrual cycle by regional homogeneity (ReHo) analysis. PATIENTS AND METHODS Thirty-three PD patients and 32 healthy controls (HCs) separately received resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging during menstrual phase and follicular...

This paper develops a framework for evaluating the usefulness of a PD biomarker as a primary endpoint in a Phase 2 screening trial of an oncology drug. We judge the contribution of the PD biomarker by assessing its impact on the efficiency of the drug development process. 'Efficiency' is defined as the probability that an active drug is found to be effective in Phase 3 divided by the sum of the...

To detect small-scale changes in tissue with optical techniques, small sampling volumes and, therefore, short source–detector separations are required. In this case, reflectance measurements are not adequately described by the diffusion approximation. Previous studies related subdiffusive reflectance to ? or ? , which parameterize the phase function. Recently, it was demonstrated that ? predict...

In this paper we study and present some results on the performances of frequency tracking for Ka-band satellite communications in rain fading channels. The carrier frequency is tracked using a 2 order hyperbolic phase detector based digital-phase locked loop (D-PLL). The hyperbolic D-PLL has the capability of extending the tracking range compared to the other D-PLL and hence can be designed suc...

The nonlinear distortion of a PLL frequency discriminator is addressed using the Volterra Series approach. The analysis, made entirely in the frequency domain, allows distortion calculations for periodic and non-periodic sets of discrete excitation frequencies and random inputs. It also includes, simultaneously, the two major sources of nonlinearity: Phase Detector and VCO.

A PLL circuit includes phase detector for detecting phase error between an input and output signal of the PLL circuit and outputting pump up and pump down signal. A charge pump generates a charge pump signal in response to pump up and pump down signals. A loop filter filters charge pump signal to generate a filtered signal. A boost-up device coupled to loop filter output terminal charges a loop...

Matrix assisted laser desorption ionization of a mixture of gold and palladium adducts of the protein lysozyme (Lyz) produces naked alloy clusters of the type Au24Pd(+) in the gas phase. While a lysozyme-Au adduct forms Au18(+), Au25(+), Au38(+) and Au102(+) ions in the gas phase, lysozyme-Pd alone does not form any analogous cluster. Addition of various transition metal ions (Ag(+), Pt(2+), Pd...